Abstract
We show that phytochromes modulate differentially various facets of light-induced ripening of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Northern analysis demonstrated that phytochrome A mRNA in fruit accumulates 11.4-fold during ripening. Spectroradiometric measurement of pericarp tissues revealed that the red to far-red ratio increases 4-fold in pericarp tissues during ripening from the immature-green to the red-ripe stage. Brief red-light treatment of harvested mature-green fruit stimulated lycopene accumulation 2. 3-fold during fruit development. This red-light-induced lycopene accumulation was reversed by subsequent treatment with far-red light, establishing that light-induced accumulation of lycopene in tomato is regulated by fruit-localized phytochromes. Red-light and red-light/far-red-light treatments during ripening did not influence ethylene production, indicating that the biosynthesis of this ripening hormone in these tissues is not regulated by fruit-localized phytochromes. Compression analysis of fruit treated with red light or red/far-red light indicated that phytochromes do not regulate the rate or extent of pericarp softening during ripening. Moreover, treatments with red or red/far-red light did not alter the concentrations of citrate, malate, fructose, glucose, or sucrose in fruit. These results are consistent with two conclusions: (a) fruit-localized phytochromes regulate light-induced lycopene accumulation independently of ethylene biosynthesis; and (b) fruit-localized phytochromes are not global regulators of ripening, but instead regulate one or more specific components of this developmental process.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit phytochrome A mRNA increased 11.4-fold during ripening.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Gene
- phytochrome Ae0
- Outcome
- phytochrome A mRNAe0
- Direction
- accumulatese0
- Value
- 11.4-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytochrome A mRNA in fruit accumulates 11.4-fold during ripening”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp red to far-red ratio increased fourfold from immature-green to red-ripe.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pericarp tissuese0
- Outcome
- red to far-red ratioe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 4-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the red to far-red ratio increases 4-fold in pericarp tissues during ripening from the immature-green to the red-ripe stage”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light increased lycopene accumulation 2. 3-fold in harvested mature-green fruit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- harvested mature-green fruite0
- Treatment
- Brief red-light treatmente0
- Outcome
- lycopene accumulatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 2. 3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brief red-light treatment of harvested mature-green fruit stimulated lycopene accumulation 2. 3-fold during fruit development”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light reversed the red-light-induced lycopene accumulation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- subsequent treatment with far-red lighte0
- Outcome
- red-light-induced lycopene accumulatione0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- red-light-inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This red-light-induced lycopene accumulation was reversed by subsequent treatment with far-red light”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Red and red/far-red treatment did not influence ethylene production.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Red-light and red-light/far-red-light treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Red-light and red-light/far-red-light treatments during ripening did not influence ethylene production”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Red and red/far-red treatment did not change pericarp softening.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- rate or extent of pericarp softeninge0
- Direction
- do not regulatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytochromes do not regulate the rate or extent of pericarp softening during ripening”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Red and red/far-red treatment did not change citrate, malate, or fructose concentrations.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatments with red or red/far-red lighte0
- Outcome
- concentrations of citrate, malate, fructosee0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with red or red/far-red light did not alter the concentrations of citrate, malate, fructose, glucose, or sucrose in fruit”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Red and red/far-red treatment did not change glucose or sucrose concentrations.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatments with red or red/far-red lighte0
- Outcome
- glucose, or sucrosee0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with red or red/far-red light did not alter the concentrations of citrate, malate, fructose, glucose, or sucrose in fruit”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that fruit phytochromes regulate lycopene independently of ethylene biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- light-induced lycopene accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- independently of ethylene biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit-localized phytochromes regulate light-induced lycopene accumulation independently of ethylene biosynthesis”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude phytochromes regulate only specific ripening components.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- specific components of this developmental processe0
- Qualifier
- not global regulators of ripeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit-localized phytochromes are not global regulators of ripening, but instead regulate one or more specific components of this developmental process”
t0“Tomato”
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