Abstract
Elevated [CO2] enhances light interception and carboxylation efficiency in plants. The combined effects of [CO2] and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on stomatal morphology, leaf anatomy, and photosynthetic capacity in tomato seedlings remain unclear. This study subjected tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Jingpeng No.1) to two [CO2] (ambient [a[CO2], 400 µmol·mol−1] and enriched [e[CO2], 800 µmol·mol−1]) and three PPFD levels (L; low[Ll: 200 µmol·m−2·s−1], moderate[Lm: 300 µmol·m−2·s−1], and high[Lh: 400 µmol·m−2·s−1]) to assess their interactive impacts. Results showed that e[CO2] and increased PPFD synergistically improved relative growth rate and net assimilation rate while reducing specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Notably, e[CO2] decreased stomatal aperture (−13.81%) and density (−27.76%), whereas elevated PPFD promoted stomatal morphological adjustments. Additionally, Leaf thickness increased by 72.98% under e[CO2], with Lm and Lh enhancing this by 10.79% and 41.50% compared to Ll. Furthermore, photosynthetic performance under e[CO2] was further evidenced by improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (excluding non-photochemical quenching). While both e[CO2] and increased PPFD Photosynthetic performance under e[CO2] was further evidenced by improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (excluding non-photochemical quenching). Moreover, e[CO2]-Lh treatment maximized total dry mass and seedling health index. Correlation analysis indicated that synergistic optimization of stomatal traits and leaf structure under a combination of e[CO2] and increased PPFD enhanced light harvesting and CO2 diffusion, thereby promoting carbon assimilation. These findings highlight e[CO2]-Lh as an optimal strategy for tomato seedling growth, providing empirical guidance for precision CO2 fertilization and light management in controlled cultivation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and increased PPFD jointly improved relative growth rate and net assimilation rate.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- e[CO2] and increased PPFDe0
- Outcome
- relative growth rate and net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2] and increased PPFD synergistically improved relative growth rate and net assimilation rate”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and increased PPFD jointly reduced specific leaf area and leaf area ratio.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2] and increased PPFDe0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area and leaf area ratioe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2] and increased PPFD synergistically improved relative growth rate and net assimilation rate while reducing specific leaf area and leaf area ratio”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal aperture by 13.81%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- stomatal aperturee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −13.81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2] decreased stomatal aperture (−13.81%) and density (−27.76%)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal density by 27.76%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −27.76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2] decreased stomatal aperture (−13.81%) and density (−27.76%)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated PPFD promoted stomatal morphological adjustments.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- elevated PPFDe0
- Outcome
- stomatal morphological adjustmentse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated PPFD promoted stomatal morphological adjustments”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased leaf thickness by 72.98%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- Leaf thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf thickness increased by 72.98% under e[CO2]”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate PPFD increased leaf thickness by 10.79% versus low PPFD.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lme0
- Outcome
- Leaf thicknesse1
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 10.79%e0
- Comparator
- Lle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lm and Lh enhancing this by 10.79% and 41.50% compared to Ll”
e1“Leaf thickness increased by 72.98% under e[CO2]”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High PPFD increased leaf thickness by 41.50% versus low PPFD.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lhe0
- Outcome
- Leaf thicknesse1
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 41.50%e0
- Comparator
- Lle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lm and Lh enhancing this by 10.79% and 41.50% compared to Ll”
e1“Leaf thickness increased by 72.98% under e[CO2]”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters apart from non-photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- excluding non-photochemical quenchinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic performance under e[CO2] was further evidenced by improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (excluding non-photochemical quenching)”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and high PPFD maximized total dry mass and seedling health index.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]-Lh treatmente0
- Outcome
- total dry mass and seedling health indexe0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2]-Lh treatment maximized total dry mass and seedling health index”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors associated coordinated stomatal and leaf structure changes with greater light harvesting and CO2 diffusion.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- a combination of e[CO2] and increased PPFDe0
- Outcome
- carbon assimilatione0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Qualifier
- enhanced light harvesting and CO2 diffusione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synergistic optimization of stomatal traits and leaf structure under a combination of e[CO2] and increased PPFD enhanced light harvesting and CO2 diffusion, thereby promoting carbon assimilation”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend elevated CO2 with high PPFD for tomato seedling growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]-Lhe0
- Outcome
- tomato seedling growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e[CO2]-Lh as an optimal strategy for tomato seedling growth”
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