Abstract
During the autumn/spring “off” season, yield and quality of tomatoes are often affected by insufficient CO 2 and low light in greenhouse production. Although tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetables, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment on its growth, photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality in greenhouse production. This study investigates the effects of supplementary light (200 ± 20 μmol·m –2 ·s –1 ) and CO 2 enrichment (increases to about 800 μmol·mol –1 ), independently and in combination, on these parameters in autumn through spring tomato production. Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn), supplementary light (CaLs) and supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs) significantly promoted growth and dry weight accumulation. Meanwhile, CO 2 enrichment (CeLn) and CaLs significantly improved photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) rates, whereas CeLs further improved these and also increased water use efficiency (WUE). CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased single fruit weight by 16.2%, 28.9%, and 36.6%, and yield per plant by 19.0%, 35.6%, and 60.8%, respectively. The effect of supplementary light on these parameters was superior to that of CO 2 enrichment. In addition, CaLs and CeLs improved nutritional quality significantly. Taken together, CeLs promoted the greatest yield, WUE, and fruit quality, suggesting it may be a worthwhile practice for off-season tomato cultivation.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light significantly promoted tomato growth and dry weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- supplementary light (CaLs)e0
- Outcome
- growth and dry weight accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary light (CaLs) and supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs) significantly promoted growth and dry weight accumulation”
e1“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined supplementary light and CO2 enrichment significantly promoted tomato growth and dry weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e0
- Outcome
- growth and dry weight accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs) significantly promoted growth and dry weight accumulation”
e1“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment improved pigment content and photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichment (CeLn)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 enrichment (CeLn) and CaLs significantly improved photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) rates”
e1“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light improved pigment content and photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light (CaLs)e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 enrichment (CeLn) and CaLs significantly improved photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) rates”
e1“supplementary light (CaLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment further improved photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) ratese1
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLs further improved these and also increased water use efficiency (WUE)”
e1“photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) rates”
e2“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e3“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLs further improved these and also increased water use efficiency (WUE)”
e1“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased single fruit weight by 16.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichment (CeLn)e1
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased single fruit weight by 16.2%, 28.9%, and 36.6%”
e1“CO 2 enrichment (CeLn)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light increased single fruit weight by 28.9%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light (CaLs)e1
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.9%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased single fruit weight by 16.2%, 28.9%, and 36.6%”
e1“supplementary light (CaLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased single fruit weight by 36.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e1
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased single fruit weight by 16.2%, 28.9%, and 36.6%”
e1“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment increased yield per plant by 19.0%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichment (CeLn)e2
- Outcome
- yield per plante0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield per plant by 19.0%, 35.6%, and 60.8%”
e1“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased”
e2“CO 2 enrichment (CeLn)”
e3“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light increased yield per plant by 35.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- supplementary light (CaLs)e2
- Outcome
- yield per plante0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35.6%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield per plant by 19.0%, 35.6%, and 60.8%”
e1“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased”
e2“supplementary light (CaLs)”
e3“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased yield per plant by 60.8%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e2
- Outcome
- yield per plante0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 60.8%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield per plant by 19.0%, 35.6%, and 60.8%”
e1“CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased”
e2“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e3“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light had a stronger effect than CO2 enrichment on fruit weight and yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Outcome
- effect of supplementary light on these parameterse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- CO 2 enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of supplementary light on these parameters was superior to that of CO 2 enrichment”
e1“single fruit weight”
e2“yield per plant”
e3“tomato production”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light significantly improved nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light (CaLs)e1
- Outcome
- nutritional qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaLs and CeLs improved nutritional quality significantly”
e1“supplementary light (CaLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly improved nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e1
- Outcome
- nutritional qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaLs and CeLs improved nutritional quality significantly”
e1“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e2“Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO 2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined light and CO2 treatment gave the greatest yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e1
- Outcome
- yield, WUE, and fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeLs promoted the greatest yield, WUE, and fruit quality”
e1“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
e2“tomato production”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined light and CO2 enrichment for off-season tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)e2
- Outcome
- worthwhile practice for off-season tomato cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting it may be a worthwhile practice for off-season tomato cultivation”
e1“CeLs promoted the greatest yield, WUE, and fruit quality”
e2“supplementary light and CO 2 enrichment (CeLs)”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 113 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.