Abstract
Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is an improved cultivation system that promotes plant development by optimizing environmental factors such as carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and light intensity. This study considered the interactive effects of enhanced levels of CO2 (400-1000 ppm) and varying light intensities (200-600 µmol/m2/s) on growth characters, yield, and nutritional composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Under hydroponics conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a climate-controlled greenhouse and plant physiological responses, productivity, and fruit quality were assessed. Higher level of CO2 and light significantly increased plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and yield. The highest yield (6.86 kg/plant) was recorded at an 800 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light intensity regime, while peak values for fruit weight and dry matter concentration impetuous at 1000 ppm CO2. Nutrition content of fruit showed varied response for CO2-light interaction. With increased CO2 and light intensity, the highest lycopene content attained was 12.69 mg/100 g at 1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light. Conversely, increasing CO2 concentrations push vitamin C and protein content lower, probably due to nutrient dilution effects driven by biomass growth. These results highlight the need to pair CO2 enrichment with light supplementation in optimizing the productivity-nutrition quality balance. An optimal combination of CO2 and light intensity on the range of 800-1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s offers useful understandings for greenhouse and vertical farming systems. Future studies must investigate long term effects on post-harvest quality and economic feasibility to keep improving CO2-light management strategies in CEA systems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CO2 and light significantly increased plant height and leaf area.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Higher level of CO2 and lighte0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of CO2 and light significantly increased plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and yield”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CO2 and light significantly increased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Higher level of CO2 and lighte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of CO2 and light significantly increased plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and yield”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CO2 and light significantly increased yield.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Higher level of CO2 and lighte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher level of CO2 and light significantly increased plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and yield”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield peaked at 6.86 kg/plant under 800 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 800 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light intensitye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.86 kg/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield (6.86 kg/plant) was recorded at an 800 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light intensity regime”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight and dry matter concentration peaked at 1000 ppm CO2.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 1000 ppm CO2e0
- Outcome
- fruit weight and dry matter concentratione0
- Direction
- peake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peak values for fruit weight and dry matter concentration impetuous at 1000 ppm CO2”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit lycopene peaked at 12.69 mg/100 g under 1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s lighte0
- Outcome
- lycopene contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.69 mg/100 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest lycopene content attained was 12.69 mg/100 g at 1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s light”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing CO2 lowered vitamin C and protein content.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- vitamin C and protein contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing CO2 concentrations push vitamin C and protein content lower”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested 800-1000 ppm CO2 with 600 µmol/m2/s light for greenhouse productivity and quality.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- 800-1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/se0
- Setting
- greenhouse and vertical farming systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An optimal combination of CO2 and light intensity on the range of 800-1000 ppm CO2 and 600 µmol/m2/s offers useful understandings for greenhouse and vertical farming systems”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
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