Abstract
Crop management practices such as seeding rate and foliar application can greatly influence rainfed wheat yield and quality. Study objectives included assessing the effect of seeding rate and foliar application on rainfed wheat. Two field experiments with four seeding rates (80, 110, 140, and 170 kg ha−1) and six foliar applications [control, urea (4%), vitaspirin (0.1%), silicon (4 mM), FeSO4.7H2O (0.6%), and ZnSO4.7H2O (0.4%)] were conducted during the 2021–2023 growing seasons. With an increased seeding rate, the relative water content, carotenoid, membrane stability index, grain Zn, Fe, and protein contents decreased. In contrast, it increased proline, glycine betaine concentrations, biological yield, and grain yield. The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration. During both growing seasons, there was no significant difference between 140 and 180 kg ha−1 seeding rates in grain yield. The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates. Increasing the seeding rate from 80 to 170 kg ha−1 reduces grain quality. Foliar application, especially ZnSO4 and silicon at the final stage as a crop management practice could lead to increased water shortage resistance, grain yield, and biofortification of rainfed wheat. It can be concluded from the experiment that the optimal combination of seeding rate and foliar application was foliar application of ZnSO4 and silicon at 140 kg ha−1 seeding rate.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rates decreased wheat relative water content, carotenoid and membrane stability index.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- relative water content, carotenoid, membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increased seeding rate, the relative water content, carotenoid, membrane stability index, grain Zn, Fe, and protein contents decreased.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rates decreased grain Zn, Fe and protein contents.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- grain Zn, Fe, and protein contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With an increased seeding rate, the relative water content, carotenoid, membrane stability index, grain Zn, Fe, and protein contents decreased.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rates increased proline and glycine betaine concentrations.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- proline, glycine betaine concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- rainfed wheatt0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, it increased proline, glycine betaine concentrations, biological yield, and grain yield.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rates increased biological and grain yield.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biological yield, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- rainfed wheatt0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, it increased proline, glycine betaine concentrations, biological yield, and grain yield.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine under the seeding rate interaction.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- proline and glycine betaine concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application increased chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application decreased malondialdehyde concentration.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between seeding rate and foliar application found that foliar application increased proline and glycine betaine concentration, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, and chlorophyll content, whereas it decreased malondialdehyde concentration.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not differ significantly between 140 and 180 kg ha−1 seeding rates in either season.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 140e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Qualifier
- During both growing seasonse0
- Comparator
- 180 kg ha−1 seeding ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During both growing seasons, there was no significant difference between 140 and 180 kg ha−1 seeding rates in grain yield.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 170 kg ha−1, ZnSO4 foliar application produced grain yield of 2331.7 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2331.7e0
- Qualifier
- 170e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 170 kg ha−1, silicon foliar application produced grain yield of 2275.6 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2275.6 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 170e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 140 kg ha−1, ZnSO4 foliar application produced grain yield of 2279.8 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2279.8e0
- Qualifier
- 140 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 140 kg ha−1, silicon foliar application produced grain yield of 2242.0 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2242.0 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 140 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was recorded in ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 170 (2331.7 and 2275.6 kg ha−1) and 140 kg ha−1 (2279.8 and 2242.0 kg ha−1) rates.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing seeding rate from 80 to 170 kg ha−1 reduced grain quality.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing the seeding rate from 80 to 170 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the seeding rate from 80 to 170 kg ha−1 reduces grain quality.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded that ZnSO4 and silicon foliar application at 140 kg ha−1 was optimal.
- Taxon
- rainfed wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- foliar application of ZnSO4 and silicon at 140 kg ha−1 seeding ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It can be concluded from the experiment that the optimal combination of seeding rate and foliar application was foliar application of ZnSO4 and silicon at 140 kg ha−1 seeding rate.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
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