Abstract
Adjusting the planting date is an inexpensive and effective method to mitigate the possible effects of water stress. A 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting dates on the biochemical and physiological characteristics and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress in the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. The treatments consisted of three planting dates (December 6 and 26 and January 15), three irrigation regimes (normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off at flowering and irrigation cut-off at seed filling) and two safflower cultivars (Goldasht and Isfahan). During the 2-year period, pigment content, enzyme activity, canopy temperature, assimilate remobilization, water use efficiency (WUE) and yield were measured. Planting date and irrigation regime had a significant effect on all parameters, with the most significant differences observed when irrigation was cut-off during flowering and seed filling, resulting in yield reductions of up to 31% in Goldasht. Irrespective of planting date, irrigation cut-off reduced total chlorophyll by 7.5-28.4% and increased canopy temperature. When irrigation was cut off, the relative water content (RWC) of Goldasht was 10.8-11.7% higher than that of Isfahan on December 26. Although irrigation cut-off at flowering stage increased canopy temperature, Goldasht planted on December 26 had the lowest value. Chlorophyll a, carotenoid content, and catalase and peroxidase activities were generally highest on December 26, especially in Goldasht. In addition, dry matter remobilization and remobilization efficiency were higher in the first year due to higher average temperatures and evaporation. In Goldasht, the highest WUE was observed in a planting at the end of December under normal irrigation. Oil content was also highest in Goldasht under normal irrigation, especially when planted in late December. A positive relationship was observed between seed yield and total chlorophyll, RWC, number of seeds per capitulum, remobilization efficiency and WUE. Overall, December 26 was the optimal planting date under water stress, especially for Goldasht, which resulted the highest yield in both years.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date and irrigation regime significantly affected all measured parameters.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Carthamus tinctoriuse1 - Treatment
- Planting date and irrigation regimee0
- Outcome
- all parameterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Planting date and irrigation regime had a significant effect on all parameters”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation cutoff at flowering or seed filling reduced Goldasht yield by up to 31%.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- irrigation was cut-off during flowering and seed fillinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- up to 31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation was cut-off during flowering and seed filling, resulting in yield reductions of up to 31% in Goldasht”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation cutoff reduced total chlorophyll by 7.5–28.4%.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- irrigation cut-offe0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.5-28.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation cut-off reduced total chlorophyll by 7.5-28.4%”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation cutoff increased canopy temperature.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- irrigation cut-offe0
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation cut-off reduced total chlorophyll by 7.5-28.4% and increased canopy temperature”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cutoff, Goldasht relative water content exceeded Isfahan by 10.8–11.7% on December 26.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- irrigation was cut offe2
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10.8-11.7%e0
- Qualifier
- December 26e0
- Comparator
- Isfahane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative water content (RWC) of Goldasht was 10.8-11.7% higher than that of Isfahan on December 26”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
e2“When irrigation was cut off”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldasht planted December 26 had the lowest canopy temperature under flowering-stage cutoff.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- irrigation cut-off at flowering stagee2
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee2
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- December 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Goldasht planted on December 26 had the lowest value”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
e2“Although irrigation cut-off at flowering stage increased canopy temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, catalase and peroxidase were generally highest on December 26, especially in Goldasht.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- December 26e0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a, carotenoid content, and catalase and peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a, carotenoid content, and catalase and peroxidase activities were generally highest on December 26, especially in Goldasht”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter remobilization was higher in the first year.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- first yeare0
- Outcome
- dry matter remobilizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter remobilization and remobilization efficiency were higher in the first year due to higher average temperatures and evaporation”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Remobilization efficiency was higher in the first year.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- first yeare0
- Outcome
- remobilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter remobilization and remobilization efficiency were higher in the first year due to higher average temperatures and evaporation”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldasht had its highest WUE with late-December planting and normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- planting at the end of December under normal irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Goldasht, the highest WUE was observed in a planting at the end of December under normal irrigation”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldasht oil content was highest under normal irrigation, especially late-December planting.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- normal irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Oil contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil content was also highest in Goldasht under normal irrigation, especially when planted in late December”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with chlorophyll, RWC and seeds per capitulum.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positive relationshipe0
- Comparator
- total chlorophyll, RWC, number of seeds per capitulume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive relationship was observed between seed yield and total chlorophyll, RWC, number of seeds per capitulum, remobilization efficiency and WUE”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield correlated positively with remobilization efficiency and WUE.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positive relationshipe0
- Comparator
- remobilization efficiency and WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive relationship was observed between seed yield and total chlorophyll, RWC, number of seeds per capitulum, remobilization efficiency and WUE”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
December 26 yielded best under water stress, especially for Goldasht, in both years.
- Taxon
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Carthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Goldashte0
- Treatment
- December 26e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“December 26 was the optimal planting date under water stress, especially for Goldasht, which resulted the highest yield in both years”
e1“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress”
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