Abstract
Abstract Soil hydrothermal regimes which can enhance seed germination, seedling emergence and development so that the late planted safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) can be competitive in comparison to normally planted crop need to be studied and suitabily modified. Therefore, a split‐plot held experiment was conducted in Vertisols during 1984–85 and 1985–86 post‐rainy season to determine the influence of planting date (PD 1 : Oct. 20; PD 2 : Oct. 30; PD 3 : Nov. 10; PD 4 : Nov. 20; PD s : Nov. 30; PD 6 : Dec. 10; and PD 7 : Dec. 20), irrigation (I 1 : come‐up irrigation and I 2 : I 1 + branching stage) and straw‐mulch (M 0 : No mulch and M 1 : paddy straw mulch at 10 t ha ‐1 ) and the interaction on the growth and development of safflower (Cultivar, JSF‐7). Germination of safflower commenced earlier in October planting, but it was significantly higher in November and December plantings. Initiation of emergence and completion of germination required 153 and 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil), respectively. Days to maturity decreased from 163 to 140 in 1984–85 and from 156 to 137 in 1985–86 with delay in planting from October to December. Height, number of branches, number of capsules, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight were significantly affected by the different treatments. Planting of safflower on October 30 and November 10 in both the seasons produced significantly higher seed yield than the other plantings. Branching stage irrigation (I 2 ) and straw mulching significantly improved all the yield attributes and seed yield of safflower in both the seasons. The water use efficiency (WUE) was higher in early plantings than in the later plantings. Higher WUE was obtained under come‐up irrigation. Straw mulching increased the WUE, moderated the diurnal variations in soil temperature and provided a better thermostable regime more congenial for plant roots which resulted in increased safflower seed yield.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
October planting began germination earlier.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse0 - Treatment
- October plantinge0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of safflower commenced earlier in October planting”
Claim · model-written summary
November and December plantings had significantly higher germination.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- November and December plantingse0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- October plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of safflower commenced earlier in October planting, but it was significantly higher in November and December plantings”
Claim · model-written summary
Initiation of emergence required 153 cumulative soil degree days.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Outcome
- Initiation of emergencee0
- Value
- 153e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Initiation of emergence and completion of germination required 153 and 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil), respectively”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Completion of germination required 307 cumulative soil degree days.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Outcome
- completion of germinatione0
- Value
- 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Initiation of emergence and completion of germination required 153 and 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil), respectively”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting from October to December decreased days to maturity from 163 to 140 in 1984–85.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- delay in planting from October to Decembere0
- Outcome
- Days to maturitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 163 to 140e0
- Qualifier
- 1984–85e0
- Comparator
- Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Days to maturity decreased from 163 to 140 in 1984–85 and from 156 to 137 in 1985–86 with delay in planting from October to December”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting from October to December decreased days to maturity from 156 to 137 in 1985–86.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- delay in planting from October to Decembere0
- Outcome
- Days to maturitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 156 to 137e0
- Qualifier
- 1985–86e0
- Comparator
- Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Days to maturity decreased from 163 to 140 in 1984–85 and from 156 to 137 in 1985–86 with delay in planting from October to December”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments significantly affected height, branches, capsules, seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- different treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Height, number of branches, number of capsulese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Height, number of branches, number of capsules, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight were significantly affected by the different treatments”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
October 30 and November 10 planting produced significantly higher seed yield than other planting dates.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- October 30 and November 10e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other plantingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Planting of safflower on October 30 and November 10 in both the seasons produced significantly higher seed yield than the other plantings”
Claim · model-written summary
Branching stage irrigation significantly improved yield attributes and seed yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- Branching stage irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield attributes and seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Branching stage irrigation (I 2 ) and straw mulching significantly improved all the yield attributes and seed yield of safflower in both the seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulching significantly improved yield attributes and seed yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- yield attributes and seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Branching stage irrigation (I 2 ) and straw mulching significantly improved all the yield attributes and seed yield of safflower in both the seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Early planting had higher water use efficiency than later planting.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- early plantingse0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- later plantingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water use efficiency (WUE) was higher in early plantings than in the later plantings”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Come-up irrigation had higher water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- come‐up irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher WUE was obtained under come‐up irrigation”
e1“Germination of safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- Straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw mulching increased the WUE, moderated the diurnal variations in soil temperature and provided a better thermostable regime more congenial for plant roots which resulted in increased safflower seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch moderated diurnal soil-temperature variation.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- Straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- diurnal variations in soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- moderatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw mulching increased the WUE, moderated the diurnal variations in soil temperature and provided a better thermostable regime more congenial for plant roots which resulted in increased safflower seed yield”
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