Abstract
Abstract Information was needed on application time and amount of irrigation water, date of planting, row spacing, and nitrogen fertilizer rates on cultivars of safflower ( Carthamus tinctarius L.). The objective was to develop a more efficient management of the crop. The environments of growth listed above were studied in three experiments over a 3‐year period. In each experiment date of planting was the large plot with irrigation treatments in border‐diked basins as split plots followed by other environnients in the basins as subplots. In 2 of the 3 years, seed yields were higher in the crop planted 15 December than in that planted 15 February; results were the opposite in the first year because of rank growth due to lower‐than‐average temperatures. An irrigation regime that specified an earlier cutoff date than that for the normal regime saved water and labor, reduced weed growth, and produced optimum seed yields at lower levels of nitrogen fertilization. Other irrigation treatments that limited the amount of water below that of the normal regime (102 to 120 cm), either gave equivocal results or significantly reduced yields. Oil percentage of seed was not affected by irrigation regimes. Plants in two‐row plots produced fewer seeds∕head and smaller seeds than those in one‐row plots. The increased plant populations in the two‐row compensated for these deficiencies and yields were no different. The optimum level of N fertilization ranged from 84 to 336 kg/ha, depending on date of planting, irrigation regime, and cultivar. For a Laveen clay loam soil (coarseloamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Calciorthid), 168 kg/ha of N was apparently optimum when the crop was planted in December. More than 84 kg/ha, however, produced no yield advantage when the crop was planted two months later. The cultivar ‘Dart’ outyielded ‘Rio’ and ‘Prio’ in 1969, ‘12289’ and ‘US 10’ in 1970, and ‘14154–30’ and ‘PI 209,285’ in 1972. Differences in days to flower and duration of flowering were significantly correlated with seed yield, but the correlations were low. Neither flowering time nor duration affected oil content of the seed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
December planting yielded more than February planting in two years.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- 15 Decembere0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- In 2 of the 3 yearse0
- Comparator
- 15 Februarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of the 3 years, seed yields were higher in the crop planted 15 December than in that planted 15 February”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
The first year showed the reverse planting date result, attributed to rank growth in cool weather.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 15 Decembere0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- oppositee0
- Qualifier
- lower‐than‐average temperaturese0
- Comparator
- 15 Februarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of the 3 years, seed yields were higher in the crop planted 15 December than in that planted 15 February; results were the opposite in the first year because of rank growth due to lower‐than‐average temperatures”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier irrigation cutoff saved water and labor.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- earlier cutoff datee0
- Outcome
- water and labore0
- Direction
- savede0
- Comparator
- normal regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An irrigation regime that specified an earlier cutoff date than that for the normal regime saved water and labor, reduced weed growth, and produced optimum seed yields at lower levels of nitrogen fertilization”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier irrigation cutoff reduced weed growth.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- earlier cutoff datee0
- Outcome
- weed growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An irrigation regime that specified an earlier cutoff date than that for the normal regime saved water and labor, reduced weed growth, and produced optimum seed yields at lower levels of nitrogen fertilization”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier irrigation cutoff produced optimum seed yield with less nitrogen.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- earlier cutoff datee0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- optimume0
- Qualifier
- lower levels of nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Comparator
- normal regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An irrigation regime that specified an earlier cutoff date than that for the normal regime saved water and labor, reduced weed growth, and produced optimum seed yields at lower levels of nitrogen fertilization”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Some reduced irrigation treatments significantly reduced yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- limited the amount of watere0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 102 to 120 cme0
- Comparator
- normal regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other irrigation treatments that limited the amount of water below that of the normal regime (102 to 120 cm), either gave equivocal results or significantly reduced yields”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation regime did not significantly change seed oil percentage.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- irrigation regimese0
- Outcome
- Oil percentage of seede0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil percentage of seed was not affected by irrigation regimes”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Two row plots had fewer seeds per head and smaller seeds.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- two‐row plotse0
- Outcome
- seeds∕head and smaller seedse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- one‐row plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in two‐row plots produced fewer seeds∕head and smaller seeds than those in one‐row plots”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Two row plots had no yield difference because of increased populations.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- two‐rowe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- no differente0
- Comparator
- one‐row plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in two‐row plots produced fewer seeds∕head and smaller seeds than those in one‐row plots. The increased plant populations in the two‐row compensated for these deficiencies and yields were no different”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal nitrogen fertilization varied from 84 to 336 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- optimum levele0
- Value
- 84 to 336 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum level of N fertilization ranged from 84 to 336 kg/ha, depending on date of planting, irrigation regime, and cultivar”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
December planting had an apparent nitrogen optimum of 168 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 168 kg/ha of Ne0
- Outcome
- optimume0
- Qualifier
- planted in Decembere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“168 kg/ha of N was apparently optimum when the crop was planted in December”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 84 kg/ha nitrogen brought no yield advantage for February planting.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- More than 84 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Direction
- no yield advantagee0
- Comparator
- 84 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More than 84 kg/ha, however, produced no yield advantage when the crop was planted two months later”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Dart outyielded Rio and Prio in 1969.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- ‘Dart’e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- outyieldede0
- Qualifier
- 1969e0
- Comparator
- ‘Rio’ and ‘Prio’e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar ‘Dart’ outyielded ‘Rio’ and ‘Prio’ in 1969, ‘12289’ and ‘US 10’ in 1970, and ‘14154–30’ and ‘PI 209,285’ in 1972”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering timing and duration had low but significant correlations with yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Organ / stage
- flowere0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- correlations were lowe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in days to flower and duration of flowering were significantly correlated with seed yield, but the correlations were low”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering timing and duration did not affect seed oil content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Organ / stage
- floweringe0
- Outcome
- oil content of the seede0
- Direction
- Neithere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither flowering time nor duration affected oil content of the seed”
t0“Safflower Cultivars1”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · quality: oil · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.