Abstract
Salinity significantly impacts maize production globally, requiring a deeper understanding of maize response mechanisms to salt stress. This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance. Both hybrids accumulated similar Na+ levels in leaves, but TWC-321 exhibited better ion regulation, with lower Na+ concentrations and Na+ to K+ ratio in roots. While SC-10 showed a reduction in leaf K+ levels, TWC-321 maintained stable K+ levels, highlighting its superior salinity tolerance. TWC-321 also demonstrated better oxidative stress management, as evidenced by lower malondialdehyde levels and significantly higher total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and stomatal conductance. Proline accumulation was more pronounced in TWC-321, and it showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) compared to SC-10, which exhibited lower SOD and POD activities. Gene expression analysis demonstrated distinct responses to salt stress between the hybrids. Although zmHKT1;5 was similarly induced in both hybrids, TWC-321 exhibited higher expression levels of zmHKT2 (1.96-fold compared to 1.42-fold in SC-10) and upregulated zmNHX1 (1.92-fold), whereas zmNHX1 expression was slightly reduced in SC-10 (0.8-fold). Additionally, TWC-321 achieved a greater total dry weight than SC-10 under salinity stress, highlighting its superior performance and resilience. These findings indicate that enhanced Na+ exclusion and sequestration mechanisms mediate the salinity tolerance of TWC-321. Correlation analysis under salinity stress identified key indicators of salinity tolerance, including increased activity of CAT and SOD, elevated proline accumulation, and higher K+ content. Consequently, the salinity tolerance of TWC-321 can be attributed to its effective ion regulation, stable photosynthetic pigment levels, improved osmotic adjustment, enhanced water retention, and potent antioxidant defense system. These insights are highly valuable for breeding programs focused on developing salt-tolerant maize hybrids.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Both maize hybrids accumulated similar Na+ levels in leaves under salt stress.
- Material
- SC-10 and TWC-321e1
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Na+ levelse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“Both hybrids accumulated similar Na+ levels in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress SC-10 leaf K+ levels decreased.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e3“While SC-10 showed a reduction in leaf K+ levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress TWC-321 leaf K+ levels stayed stable.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e4“TWC-321 maintained stable K+ levels”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 had lower root Na+ concentrations and Na+ to K+ ratio under salt stress.
- Material
- TWC-321e5
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Na+ concentrations and Na+ to K+ ratioe5
- Direction
- lowere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e5“TWC-321 exhibited better ion regulation, with lower Na+ concentrations and Na+ to K+ ratio in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 had lower malondialdehyde levels under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e6“TWC-321 also demonstrated better oxidative stress management, as evidenced by lower malondialdehyde levels and significantly higher total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 had significantly higher total chlorophyll content, relative water content and stomatal conductance.
- Material
- TWC-321e6
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and stomatal conductancee6
- Direction
- highere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e6“TWC-321 also demonstrated better oxidative stress management, as evidenced by lower malondialdehyde levels and significantly higher total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline accumulation was more pronounced in TWC-321 under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e7“Proline accumulation was more pronounced in TWC-321, and it showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) compared to SC-10”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 had higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT and POD) than SC-10.
- Material
- TWC-321e7
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD)e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- SC-10e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e7“Proline accumulation was more pronounced in TWC-321, and it showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) compared to SC-10”
Claim · model-written summary
zmHKT1;5 was similarly induced in both hybrids under salt stress.
- Material
- both hybridse2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- zmHKT1;5e2
- Outcome
- similarly inducede2
- Direction
- inducede2
- Qualifier
- similarlye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“Although zmHKT1;5 was similarly induced in both hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 had higher zmHKT2 expression than SC-10 under salt stress.
- Material
- TWC-321e2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- zmHKT2e2
- Outcome
- expression levelse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 1.96-folde2
- Qualifier
- 1.42-fold in SC-10e2
- Comparator
- SC-10e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“TWC-321 exhibited higher expression levels of zmHKT2 (1.96-fold compared to 1.42-fold in SC-10) and upregulated zmNHX1 (1.92-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 upregulated zmNHX1 1.92-fold under salt stress.
- Material
- TWC-321e2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- zmNHX1e2
- Outcome
- expression levelse2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
- Value
- 1.92-folde2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“TWC-321 exhibited higher expression levels of zmHKT2 (1.96-fold compared to 1.42-fold in SC-10) and upregulated zmNHX1 (1.92-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
SC-10 zmNHX1 expression was slightly reduced to 0.8-fold under salt stress.
- Material
- SC-10e2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- zmNHX1e2
- Outcome
- expressione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 0.8-folde2
- Qualifier
- slightlye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“whereas zmNHX1 expression was slightly reduced in SC-10 (0.8-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
TWC-321 achieved a greater total dry weight than SC-10 under salinity stress.
- Material
- TWC-321e2
- Treatment
- salinity stresse2
- Outcome
- total dry weighte2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- SC-10e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“TWC-321 achieved a greater total dry weight than SC-10 under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced Na+ exclusion and sequestration mediate the salinity tolerance of TWC-321.
- Material
- TWC-321e2
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee2
- Qualifier
- enhanced Na+ exclusion and sequestration mechanismse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“These findings indicate that enhanced Na+ exclusion and sequestration mechanisms mediate the salinity tolerance of TWC-321”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, increased CAT and SOD activity was associated with salinity tolerance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“Correlation analysis under salinity stress identified key indicators of salinity tolerance, including increased activity of CAT and SOD”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, elevated proline accumulation was associated with salinity tolerance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“elevated proline accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, higher K+ content was associated with salinity tolerance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“higher K+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
The salinity tolerance of TWC-321 is attributed to ion regulation, stable pigments, osmotic adjustment, water retention and antioxidant defence.
- Material
- TWC-321e2
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee2
- Qualifier
- effective ion regulation, stable photosynthetic pigment levels, improved osmotic adjustment, enhanced water retention, and potent antioxidant defense systeme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study assessed the response of two Egyptian maize hybrids, SC-10 and TWC-321, under salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and non-stressed conditions to identify traits and mechanisms linked to enhanced salinity tolerance”
e2“the salinity tolerance of TWC-321 can be attributed to its effective ion regulation, stable photosynthetic pigment levels, improved osmotic adjustment, enhanced water retention, and potent antioxidant defense system”
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