Abstract
High salinity mitigates crop productivity and quality. Plant growth-promoting soil rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance via mediating various physiological and molecular mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of the PGPR strain Serratia liquefaciens KM4 on the growth and physiological and molecular responsiveness of maize (Zea mays L.) plants under salinity stress (0, 80, and 160 mM NaCl). High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize. However, osmolyte content (e.g., soluble proteins, proline, and free amino acids), oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels were increased in maize under high salinity. On the other hand, Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, but increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress. Moreover, it was found that all these improvements were accompanied with the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX, CAT, SOD, RBCS, RBCL, H+-PPase, HKT1, and NHX1), and downregulation of the key gene in ABA biosynthesis (NCED). Taken together, the results demonstrate the beneficial role of Serratia liquefaciens KM4 in improving plant growth and salt stress tolerance in maize by regulating ion homeostasis, redox potential, leaf gas exchange, and stress-related genes expression.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced maize plant growth and biomass production.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced maize nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content and pigment content.
- Treatment
- High salinitye2
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment contente2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced maize leaf gas exchange attributes and total flavonoid and phenolic contents.
- Treatment
- High salinitye2
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contentse2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity increased osmolyte content, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels in maize.
- Treatment
- high salinitye3
- Outcome
- osmolyte content (e.g., soluble proteins, proline, and free amino acids), oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levelse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“osmolyte content (e.g., soluble proteins, proline, and free amino acids), oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels were increased in maize under high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation reduced oxidative stress markers in salt-stressed maize.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stress markerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation increased maize growth and biomass production under salt stress.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- maize growth and biomass productione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation gave better leaf gas exchange under salt stress.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchangee1
- Direction
- bettere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation improved osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems and nutrient uptake under salt stress.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- bettere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation was accompanied by upregulation of stress-related genes in maize.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Gene
- APX, CAT, SOD, RBCS, RBCL, H+-PPase, HKT1, and NHX1e5
- Outcome
- stress-related genese5
- Direction
- upregulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
e5“upregulation of stress-related genes (APX, CAT, SOD, RBCS, RBCL, H+-PPase, HKT1, and NHX1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation was accompanied by downregulation of NCED, a key gene in ABA biosynthesis, in maize.
- Treatment
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Serratia liquefaciens KM4Serratia liquefaciense0symbiont
- Gene
- NCEDe6
- Outcome
- key gene in ABA biosynthesise6
- Direction
- downregulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers”
e1“increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress”
e6“downregulation of the key gene in ABA biosynthesis (NCED)”
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