Abstract
Salinity negatively affects plant growth and causes significant crop yield losses world-wide. Maize is an economically important cereal crop affected by high salinity. In this study, maize seedlings were subjected to 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl, to emulate high soil salinity. Roots, mature leaves (basal leaf-pair 1,2) and young leaves (distal leaf-pair 3,4) were harvested after 3 weeks of sowing. Roots showed the highest reduction in biomass, followed by mature and young leaves in the salt-stressed plants. Concomitant with the pattern of growth reduction, roots accumulated the highest levels of Na(+) followed by mature and young leaves. High salinity induced oxidative stress in the roots and mature leaves, but to a lesser extent in younger leaves. The younger leaves showed increased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations only at 150 mM NaCl. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and polyphenol content increased with the increase in salinity levels in roots and mature leaves, but showed no changes in the young leaves. Under salinity stress, reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) content increased in roots, while total tocopherol levels increased specifically in the shoot tissues. Similarly, redox changes estimated by the ratio of redox couples (ASC/total ascorbate and GSH/total glutathione) showed significant decreases in the roots. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), increased in all organs of salt-treated plants, while superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione-s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased specifically in the roots. Overall, these results suggest that Na(+) is retained and detoxified mainly in roots, and less stress impact is observed in mature and younger leaves. This study also indicates a possible role of ROS in the systemic signaling from roots to leaves, allowing leaves to activate their defense mechanisms for better protection against salt stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced biomass most in roots, then mature and young leaves.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots showed the highest reduction in biomass, followed by mature and young leaves in the salt-stressed plants”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots accumulated the most Na(+), followed by mature and young leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roots accumulated the highest levels of Na(+) followed by mature and young leaves”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity induced oxidative stress in roots and mature leaves, with less in young leaves.
- Organ / stage
- roots and mature leavese0
- Treatment
- High salinitye0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High salinity induced oxidative stress in the roots and mature leaves, but to a lesser extent in younger leaves”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Young leaves had increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide only at 150 mM NaCl.
- Organ / stage
- younger leavese0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The younger leaves showed increased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations only at 150 mM NaCl”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Total antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content rose with salinity in roots and mature leaves.
- Organ / stage
- roots and mature leavese0
- Treatment
- salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and polyphenol contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and polyphenol content increased with the increase in salinity levels in roots and mature leaves”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Total antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content did not change in young leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but showed no changes in the young leaves”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, reduced ascorbate and glutathione content increased in roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salinity stress, reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) content increased in roots”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Total tocopherol increased specifically in shoot tissues.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total tocopherol levels increased specifically in the shoot tissues”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Redox ratios decreased significantly in roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- ratio of redox couples (ASC/total ascorbate and GSH/total glutathione)e0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ratio of redox couples (ASC/total ascorbate and GSH/total glutathione) showed significant decreases in the roots”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities rose in all salt-treated organs.
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), increased in all organs of salt-treated plants”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD, APX, GST and GR activities rose specifically in roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione-s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione-s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased specifically in the roots”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that Na(+) is retained and detoxified mainly in roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na(+) is retained and detoxified mainly in roots”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose a possible role for ROS in root-to-leaf signaling and leaf defenses under salt stress.
- Outcome
- leaves to activate their defense mechanismse0
- Qualifier
- a possible role of ROS in the systemic signaling from roots to leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a possible role of ROS in the systemic signaling from roots to leaves, allowing leaves to activate their defense mechanisms for better protection against salt stress”
t0“Maize”
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