Abstract
Salinity alters general metabolic processes and enzymatic activities, causing increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of antioxidant defense genes would, in turn, be triggered to defend the cell against oxidative damage. We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings, causing detrimental effects on the growth and development of maize plantlets, increased hydrogen peroxide production and altered antioxidant activities and transcripts profiles. Excessive ROS levels were accompanied by increased catalase (CAT) activity in photosynthesizing shoots, along with induction of mRNA accumulation. Increased accumulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcripts was also observed although no significant changes in total SOD enzymatic activity and isozyme profiles were detected. Higher salt concentrations (above 0.25 M NaCl) were highly detrimental to the plants, causing arrested growth and severe wilting, among other effects. Histochemical detection of H(2)O(2) by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining indicated a collapse of the leaf veins, with hydrogen peroxide leaking to neighboring cells. In agreement to these observations, Sod1, Sod2, Sod4, Sod4A, as well as all Cat transcripts were severely inhibited in plants exposed to high salt concentrations.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings and had detrimental effects on growth and development.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“causing detrimental effects on the growth and development of maize plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt increased hydrogen peroxide production in maize seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“increased hydrogen peroxide production”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt altered antioxidant activities and transcript profiles in maize seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“altered antioxidant activities and transcripts profiles”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive ROS levels were accompanied by increased catalase (CAT) activity in photosynthesizing maize shoots.
- Organ / stage
- photosynthesizing shootse2
- Compound
- ROSe2
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Excessive ROS levels were accompanied by increased catalase (CAT) activity in photosynthesizing shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive ROS levels were accompanied by induction of catalase mRNA accumulation in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Excessive ROS levels were accompanied by increased catalase (CAT) activity in photosynthesizing shoots”
e3“along with induction of mRNA accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt increased accumulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcripts in maize.
- Treatment
- salte1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e2
- Outcome
- accumulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcriptse2
- Direction
- Increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Increased accumulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcripts was also observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt caused no significant change in total SOD enzymatic activity or isozyme profiles in maize.
- Treatment
- salte1
- Outcome
- total SOD enzymatic activity and isozyme profilese2
- Direction
- no significant changese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“no significant changes in total SOD enzymatic activity and isozyme profiles were detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salt concentrations (above 0.25 M NaCl) were highly detrimental to maize, causing arrested growth and severe wilting.
- Treatment
- Higher salt concentrations (above 0.25 M NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- arrested growth and severe wiltinge2
- Direction
- highly detrimentale2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Higher salt concentrations (above 0.25 M NaCl) were highly detrimental to the plants, causing arrested growth and severe wilting”
Claim · model-written summary
Histochemical staining indicated a collapse of the leaf veins in maize, with hydrogen peroxide leaking to neighboring cells.
- Organ / stage
- leaf veinse2
- Compound
- hydrogen peroxidee2
- Outcome
- collapse of the leaf veins, with hydrogen peroxide leaking to neighboring cellse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Histochemical detection of H(2)O(2) by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining indicated a collapse of the leaf veins, with hydrogen peroxide leaking to neighboring cells”
Claim · model-written summary
High salt severely inhibited transcripts of Sod1, Sod2, Sod4 and Sod4A in maize.
- Treatment
- high salt concentrationse2
- Gene
- Sod1, Sod2, Sod4, Sod4Ae2
- Outcome
- transcriptse2
- Direction
- severely inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Sod1, Sod2, Sod4, Sod4A, as well as all Cat transcripts were severely inhibited in plants exposed to high salt concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
High salt severely inhibited all Cat transcripts in maize.
- Treatment
- high salt concentrationse2
- Gene
- Cate2
- Outcome
- all Cat transcriptse2
- Direction
- severely inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We report that salt disturbed antioxidant metabolism in maize seedlings”
e2“Sod1, Sod2, Sod4, Sod4A, as well as all Cat transcripts were severely inhibited in plants exposed to high salt concentrations”
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