Abstract
Abstract Multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR) Palmer amaranth has been ranked as the most problematic weed in row crop fields in Nebraska. Integration of narrow row spacing with herbicide might augment control of MHR Palmer amaranth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate an integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs for MHR Palmer amaranth control, density, seed production, corn injury, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, and grain yield in glyphosate/glufosinate‐resistant corn. Field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 in a grower's field infested with acetolactate synthase‐inhibitor/atrazine/glyphosate‐resistant Palmer amaranth near Carleton, NE. Herbicide‐by‐row spacing interactions were significant for most variables. Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate, acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth ≥90% at 90 days after late post‐emergence (DALPOST) herbicide application. Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione and acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate with 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing, flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate, and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing recorded no Palmer amaranth 30 DALPOST. Herbicide programs with narrow row spacing had numerically higher PAR interception compared with 76‐cm row spacing 30 days after early post‐emergence (DAEPOST) and 15 DALPOST. Higher corn yield (13,222–13,596 kg ha −1 ) was obtained with acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing. Palmer amaranth seed production was zero with acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione; flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing; and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide and row spacing interacted significantly for most measured variables.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- row spacinge0
- Outcome
- most variablese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide‐by‐row spacing interactions were significant for most variables.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate controlled Palmer amaranth by at least 90% at 90 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate, acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth ≥90% at 90 days after late post‐emergence (DALPOST) herbicide application.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate controlled Palmer amaranth by at least 90% at 90 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate, acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth ≥90% at 90 days after late post‐emergence (DALPOST) herbicide application.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate controlled Palmer amaranth by at least 90% at 90 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate, acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth ≥90% at 90 days after late post‐emergence (DALPOST) herbicide application.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth by at least 90% at 90 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrionee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl followed by (fb) glufosinate, acetochlor/mesotrione applied pre‐emergence (PRE) or fb glufosinate, acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione controlled Palmer amaranth ≥90% at 90 days after late post‐emergence (DALPOST) herbicide application.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione recorded no Palmer amaranth at 30 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrionee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- no Palmer amaranthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione and acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate with 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing, flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate, and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing recorded no Palmer amaranth 30 DALPOST.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate recorded no Palmer amaranth at 30 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- no Palmer amaranthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione and acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate with 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing, flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate, and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing recorded no Palmer amaranth 30 DALPOST.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate recorded no Palmer amaranth at 30 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- no Palmer amaranthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione and acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate with 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing, flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate, and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing recorded no Palmer amaranth 30 DALPOST.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate recorded no Palmer amaranth at 30 DALPOST.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- no Palmer amaranthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione and acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate with 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing, flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate, and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing recorded no Palmer amaranth 30 DALPOST.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrow rows had numerically higher PAR interception than 76 cm rows.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- narrow row spacinge0
- Outcome
- PAR interceptione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 76‐cm row spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide programs with narrow row spacing had numerically higher PAR interception compared with 76‐cm row spacing 30 days after early post‐emergence (DAEPOST) and 15 DALPOST.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam followed by glufosinate in 38 cm rows gave higher corn yield of 13,222–13,596 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacinge0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 13,222–13,596 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher corn yield (13,222–13,596 kg ha −1 ) was obtained with acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate with 38‐cm row spacing.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate yielded zero Palmer amaranth seed production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth seed productione0
- Direction
- zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth seed production was zero with acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione; flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing; and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione yielded zero Palmer amaranth seed production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrionee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth seed productione0
- Direction
- zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth seed production was zero with acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione; flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing; and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing yielded zero Palmer amaranth seed production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacinge0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth seed productione0
- Direction
- zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth seed production was zero with acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione; flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing; and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing yielded zero Palmer amaranth seed production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacinge0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth seed productione0
- Direction
- zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth seed production was zero with acetochlor/mesotrione fb glufosinate, and glufosinate fb dicamba/tembotrione; flufenacet/isoxaflutole/thiencarbazone‐methyl fb glufosinate in 76‐cm row spacing; and acetochlor/clopyralid/flumetsulam fb glufosinate in 38‐cm row spacing.”
t0“Integrated effect of row spacing and herbicide programs on photosynthetically active radiation, control, and seed production of multiple herbicide‐resistant Palmer amaranth in corn”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
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3 in the opposite direction
- negative
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4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
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- no effect
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See all 12 papers →8 of 21 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.