Abstract
Field research was conducted during 3 yr to evaluate response of rice and corn to simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, 3.2, 1.6, and 0.8% of the usage rates of 1,120 g ai/ha glyphosate (140, 70, 35, 18, and 9 g/ha, respectively) and 420 g ai/ha glufosinate (53, 26, 13, and 4 g/ha, respectively). Early-postemergence applications were made to two- to three-leaf rice and six-leaf corn, and late-postemergence applications to rice at panicle differentiation and to corn at nine-leaf stage (1 wk before tasseling). Crop injury was generally greater for the two highest rates of both herbicides when applied early. Little to no reduction in rice or corn height was observed with glufosinate. Glyphosate consistently reduced rice plant height when the two highest rates were applied early, and heading was delayed 2 to 5 d. In 2 of 3 yr, the highest rate of glyphosate reduced rice yield 99 and 67% when applied early and 54 and 29% when applied late. Germination of rice seeds from glyphosate-treated plants was reduced in 1 of 2 yr and for only the highest rate. For glufosinate, rice yield was reduced 30% and in only one year when applied late at the highest rate. Early application of glyphosate reduced corn yield an average of 22 to 78% for the three highest rates, but only for the highest rate at the late timing (33%). Corn yield was reduced an average of 13 and 11% for the highest rate of glufosinate at the early and late timings, respectively. In greenhouse studies, five rice varieties were equally sensitive, as were five corn varieties, to reduced rates of glyphosate and glufosinate.Nomenclature: Glufosinate; glyphosate; corn, Zea mays L. ‘Asgrow 897’, ‘Dekalb 687’, ‘Mycogen 8460’, ‘Pioneer 3223’, ‘Terral 2930’; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cocodrie’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Drew’, ‘Jefferson’.Additional index words: Crop injury, herbicide drift, off-target movement, rice germination, rice vigor.Abbreviations: DAP, days after plating; DAT, days after treatment.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Early application of the two highest rates of both herbicides generally caused greater crop injury.
- Taxon
- rice and corn
Oryza sativa
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- two highest rates of both herbicidese0
- Outcome
- Crop injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- when applied earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop injury was generally greater for the two highest rates of both herbicides when applied early.”
e1“response of rice and corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate caused little or no reduction in rice height.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- Little to no reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Little to no reduction in rice or corn height was observed with glufosinate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate caused little or no reduction in corn height.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- Little to no reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Little to no reduction in rice or corn height was observed with glufosinate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early application of the two highest glyphosate rates reduced rice height.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- two highest rates were applied earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate consistently reduced rice plant height when the two highest rates were applied early, and heading was delayed 2 to 5 d.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early application of the two highest glyphosate rates delayed rice heading by 2 to 5 days.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate consistently reduced rice plant height when the two highest rates were applied early, and heading was delayed 2 to 5 d.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate glyphosate reduced early-treated rice yield by 99% in one year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 99e0
- Qualifier
- when applied earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of 3 yr, the highest rate of glyphosate reduced rice yield 99 and 67% when applied early and 54 and 29% when applied late.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate glyphosate reduced early-treated rice yield by 67% in another year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67%e0
- Qualifier
- when applied earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of 3 yr, the highest rate of glyphosate reduced rice yield 99 and 67% when applied early and 54 and 29% when applied late.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate glyphosate reduced late-treated rice yield by 54% in one year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 54e0
- Qualifier
- when applied latee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of 3 yr, the highest rate of glyphosate reduced rice yield 99 and 67% when applied early and 54 and 29% when applied late.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate glyphosate reduced late-treated rice yield by 29% in another year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- when applied latee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2 of 3 yr, the highest rate of glyphosate reduced rice yield 99 and 67% when applied early and 54 and 29% when applied late.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate glyphosate reduced germination of rice seed in one of two years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- glyphosate-treatede0
- Outcome
- Germination of rice seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 1 of 2 yr and for only the highest ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of rice seeds from glyphosate-treated plants was reduced in 1 of 2 yr and for only the highest rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate late glufosinate reduced rice yield by 30% in one year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- only one year when applied late at the highest ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For glufosinate, rice yield was reduced 30% and in only one year when applied late at the highest rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early glyphosate at the three highest rates reduced corn yield by 22 to 78% on average.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Early application of glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22 to 78%e0
- Qualifier
- three highest ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early application of glyphosate reduced corn yield an average of 22 to 78% for the three highest rates, but only for the highest rate at the late timing (33%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Late glyphosate at the highest rate reduced corn yield by 33%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Qualifier
- highest rate at the late timinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early application of glyphosate reduced corn yield an average of 22 to 78% for the three highest rates, but only for the highest rate at the late timing (33%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate early glufosinate reduced corn yield by 13% on average.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- Corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13e0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield was reduced an average of 13 and 11% for the highest rate of glufosinate at the early and late timings, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest-rate late glufosinate reduced corn yield by 11% on average.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- highest rate of glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- Corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- late timingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield was reduced an average of 13 and 11% for the highest rate of glufosinate at the early and late timings, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five rice varieties had equal sensitivity to reduced glyphosate and glufosinate rates in greenhouse tests.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- five rice varietiese0
- Outcome
- equally sensitivee0
- Setting
- greenhouse studiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse studies, five rice varieties were equally sensitive, as were five corn varieties, to reduced rates of glyphosate and glufosinate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five corn varieties had equal sensitivity to reduced glyphosate and glufosinate rates in greenhouse tests.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- five corn varietiese0
- Outcome
- equally sensitivee0
- Setting
- greenhouse studiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse studies, five rice varieties were equally sensitive, as were five corn varieties, to reduced rates of glyphosate and glufosinate.”
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See all 53 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.