Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) is commercially applied to stimulate the growth and productivity of various agricultural crops. However, its impact on the yield and chemical properties of wheat under weed stress is still unclear. In this investigation, the influence of weed control (sulfosulfuron (sulfo-s), florasulam 7.5% + flumetsulam 10% (derby), pyroxsulam (pallas), and untreated check) and GA 3 (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) treatments on the narrow-leaved weed (i.e., Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds as well as yield and chemical properties of wheat (cv. Sakha 94) was explored. The findings showed that the wheat plants were infested by seven weed species. Such weeds were notably controlled using herbicidal treatments, particularly annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.) (94.1 and 92.0%) and field binder ( Convolvulus arvensis L.) (91.5 and 93.6%) were very highly susceptible to pallas herbicide in both seasons. Likened to control group, the application of GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide observably decreased the dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds, which contributed positively to the increase of plant height, No. of spikelet’s/spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield (P < 0.05) in both seasons. Moreover, spraying of sulfo-s herbicide maximized spike length of wheat plants (16.0 cm) in the 2 nd season, whereas plots treated with derby had the highest spike weight (7.64 and 7.17 g) and No. of grains/spike (62.0 and 58.8) in two seasons. Furthermore, the maximal grain yield was recorded following the synergistic spraying of pallas and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (7278 kg/ha in the 1st season) as well as sulfo-s and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (6935 kg/ha in the 2nd season). Relative to control, significant increases in protein (by 46.99 and 50.47%) and nitrogen content (by 46.93 and 50.54%) were also noticed after the use of derby and 200 mg/L GA 3 in 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively (P < 0.05), implying the improvement in the quality of wheat grains. Most remarkably, Pearson’s correlation demonstrated that the reduction in Avena fatua L. and broad-leaved weeds was accountable strongly for 66 to 96% of the enhancement in yield and chemical properties of wheat under the application of herbicides and GA 3 treatments. The current findings may be very relevant in guiding farmers in the selection of suitable agronomic treatments (i.e., herbicides and GA 3 ) that may maximize wheat yield and quality.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plants were infested by seven weed species.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- infested by seven weed speciese0
- Value
- sevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings showed that the wheat plants were infested by seven weed species”
Claim · model-written summary
Pallas controlled annual sowthistle by 94.1 and 92.0% across the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pallas herbicidee0
- Interactor
- Sonchus oleraceus L.
Sonchus oleraceuse0weed - Outcome
- annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.)e0
- Direction
- very highly susceptiblee0
- Value
- 94.1 and 92.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.) (94.1 and 92.0%) and field binder ( Convolvulus arvensis L.) (91.5 and 93.6%) were very highly susceptible to pallas herbicide in both seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pallas controlled field binder by 91.5 and 93.6% across the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pallas herbicidee0
- Interactor
- Convolvulus arvensis L.
.jpg?width=60)
Convolvulus arvensise0weed - Outcome
- field binder ( Convolvulus arvensis L.)e0
- Direction
- very highly susceptiblee0
- Value
- 91.5 and 93.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.) (94.1 and 92.0%) and field binder ( Convolvulus arvensis L.) (91.5 and 93.6%) were very highly susceptible to pallas herbicide in both seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3, especially 200 mg/L, reduced wild oat dry weight relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L)e0
- Interactor
- Avena fatua L.
Avena fatuae0weed - Outcome
- dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likened to control group, the application of GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide observably decreased the dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pallas reduced wild oat dry weight relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pallas herbicidee0
- Interactor
- Avena fatua L.Avena fatuae0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likened to control group, the application of GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide observably decreased the dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 reduced broad-leaved weed dry weight relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L)e0
- Interactor
- broad-leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likened to control group, the application of GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide observably decreased the dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pallas reduced broad-leaved weed dry weight relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pallas herbicidee0
- Interactor
- broad-leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- broad-leaved weedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likened to control group, the application of GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide observably decreased the dry weight of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and broad-leaved weeds”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 and pallas treatments increased wheat height, spikelets per spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GA 3e1
- Outcome
- plant height, No. of spikelet’s/spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which contributed positively to the increase of plant height, No. of spikelet’s/spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield (P < 0.05) in both seasons”
t0“wheat”
e1“GA 3 (especially at 200 mg/L) or pallas herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfo-s maximized wheat spike length at 16.0 cm in the second season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- sulfo-s herbicidee0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 16.0 cme0
- Qualifier
- 2 nd seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying of sulfo-s herbicide maximized spike length of wheat plants (16.0 cm) in the 2 nd season”
Claim · model-written summary
Derby produced highest spike weight of 7.64 and 7.17 g in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- derbye0
- Outcome
- spike weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 7.64 and 7.17 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plots treated with derby had the highest spike weight (7.64 and 7.17 g) and No. of grains/spike (62.0 and 58.8) in two seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Derby produced highest grains per spike of 62.0 and 58.8 in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- derbye0
- Outcome
- No. of grains/spikee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 62.0 and 58.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plots treated with derby had the highest spike weight (7.64 and 7.17 g) and No. of grains/spike (62.0 and 58.8) in two seasons”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pallas plus GA 3 at 200 mg/L gave maximal grain yield of 7278 kg/ha in the first season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pallas and GA 3 at 200 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 7278 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 1st seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal grain yield was recorded following the synergistic spraying of pallas and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (7278 kg/ha in the 1st season) as well as sulfo-s and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (6935 kg/ha in the 2nd season)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfo-s plus GA 3 at 200 mg/L gave maximal grain yield of 6935 kg/ha in the second season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulfo-s and GA 3 at 200 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 6935 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 2nd seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal grain yield was recorded following the synergistic spraying of pallas and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (7278 kg/ha in the 1st season) as well as sulfo-s and GA 3 at 200 mg/L (6935 kg/ha in the 2nd season)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Derby plus GA 3 increased grain protein by 46.99 and 50.47% in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- derby and 200 mg/L GA 3e0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 46.99 and 50.47%e0
- Qualifier
- 1 st and 2 nd seasone0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to control, significant increases in protein (by 46.99 and 50.47%) and nitrogen content (by 46.93 and 50.54%) were also noticed after the use of derby and 200 mg/L GA 3 in 1 st and 2 nd season”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Derby plus GA 3 increased grain nitrogen by 46.93 and 50.54% in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- derby and 200 mg/L GA 3e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 46.93 and 50.54%e0
- Qualifier
- 1 st and 2 nd seasone0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to control, significant increases in protein (by 46.99 and 50.47%) and nitrogen content (by 46.93 and 50.54%) were also noticed after the use of derby and 200 mg/L GA 3 in 1 st and 2 nd season”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed reduction was strongly associated with 66 to 96% of wheat yield and chemical property enhancement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Avena fatua L.Avena fatuae0weed
- Outcome
- enhancement in yield and chemical properties of wheate0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 66 to 96%e0
- Qualifier
- under the application of herbicides and GA 3 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pearson’s correlation demonstrated that the reduction in Avena fatua L. and broad-leaved weeds was accountable strongly for 66 to 96% of the enhancement in yield and chemical properties of wheat under the application of herbicides and GA 3 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest these results can guide farmers choosing herbicide and GA 3 treatments to maximize yield and quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- selection of suitable agronomic treatments (i.e., herbicides and GA 3 ) that may maximize wheat yield and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“guiding farmers in the selection of suitable agronomic treatments (i.e., herbicides and GA 3 ) that may maximize wheat yield and quality”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →Gibberellic acid · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Gibberellic acid · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →herbicide · Convolvulus arvensis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
herbicide · Avena fatua · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →herbicide · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
361 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
397 papers more in this group
See all 401 papers →herbicide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
465 papers in the same direction as this paper · 87 in the opposite direction · 10 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
559 papers more in this group
See all 563 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.