Abstract
Plants activate physiological responses against salinity stress through hormone signaling pathways such as melatonin (M) and methyl jasmonate (MeJ). These hormones trigger defense responses, but comparing their individual and combined effects under salt stress has not been studied. This research investigates defense responses in tomato plants induced by 100 µM of M and MeJ, along with their combined application (MeJ+M, 100+100 µM) under non-stress, threshold (0.9 g NaCl kg −1 soil) and severe (1.8 g NaCl kg −1 soil) salinity conditions. Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %), root inhibition (17.2 %), and elevated H 2 O 2 (28.9 %), O 2 –• (33.7 %), and malondialdehyde (14.3 %) in the plant under non-stress conditions. Evaluation of the MeJ+M treatment in non-stress conditions indicated that M prevented MeJ-induced damage. Besides, the optimal potassium uptake and plant growth were obtained in the MeJ+M treatment under non-stress and threshold salinity levels. Phytohormones application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), modified the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase, and consequently boosted non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content), resulting in a significant reduction of damage from severe salinity stress. However, due to their almost similar physiological changes induced by MeJ, M, and MeJ+M, these treatments were not superior compared to each other in severe stress. Thus, owing to the disruption of the normal morpho-physiological processes in non-stress conditions by MeJ, M can be considered a safer treatment for practical usage. Additionally, the MeJ+M application can not only optimize antioxidant protection under stress conditions but also stimulate plant growth under non-stress conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ application caused chlorophyll degradation of 34.2% in tomato under non-stress conditions, compared with melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- MeJ applicatione1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 34.2 %e1
- Comparator
- melatonine1
- Setting
- non-stress conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %)”
e2“and malondialdehyde (14.3 %) in the plant under non-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ application caused root inhibition of 17.2% in tomato compared with melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ applicatione1
- Outcome
- root inhibitione2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 17.2 %e2
- Comparator
- melatonine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %)”
e2“root inhibition (17.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ application elevated H2O2 by 28.9% in tomato compared with melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ applicatione1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e2
- Direction
- elevatede2
- Value
- 28.9 %e2
- Comparator
- melatonine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %)”
e2“elevated H 2 O 2 (28.9 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ application increased O2 radical production by 33.7% in tomato compared with melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ applicatione1
- Outcome
- O 2 –•e2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 33.7 %e2
- Comparator
- melatonine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %)”
e2“O 2 –• (33.7 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ application increased malondialdehyde by 14.3% in tomato under non-stress conditions, compared with melatonin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ applicatione1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 14.3 %e2
- Comparator
- melatonine1
- Setting
- non-stress conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Compared to melatonin, MeJ application caused adverse effects, including chlorophyll degradation (34.2 %)”
e2“and malondialdehyde (14.3 %) in the plant under non-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The MeJ+M treatment prevented MeJ-induced damage in tomato under non-stress conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ+M treatmente1
- Outcome
- MeJ-induced damagee1
- Direction
- preventede1
- Comparator
- MeJe1
- Setting
- non-stress conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Evaluation of the MeJ+M treatment in non-stress conditions indicated that M prevented MeJ-induced damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The MeJ+M treatment increased potassium uptake and plant growth in tomato under non-stress and threshold salinity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ+M treatmente1
- Outcome
- potassium uptake and plant growthe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Setting
- non-stress and threshold salinity levelse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Besides, the optimal potassium uptake and plant growth were obtained in the MeJ+M treatment under non-stress and threshold salinity levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Phytohormones applicatione1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidasee1
- Outcome
- enzymatic antioxidant activitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Phytohormones application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application modified the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Phytohormones applicatione2
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidasee1
- Outcome
- activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidasee1
- Direction
- modifiede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“modified the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase”
e2“Phytohormones application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application boosted phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Phytohormones applicatione2
- Outcome
- phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contente1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“boosted non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content)”
e2“Phytohormones application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application significantly reduced damage from severe salinity stress in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Phytohormones applicatione2
- Outcome
- damagee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Setting
- severe salinity stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“resulting in a significant reduction of damage from severe salinity stress”
e2“Phytohormones application increased enzymatic antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ, M and MeJ+M were not superior to each other in tomato under severe stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ, M, and MeJ+Me1
- Outcome
- physiological changese1
- Direction
- not superiore1
- Comparator
- each othere1
- Setting
- severe stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“However, due to their almost similar physiological changes induced by MeJ, M, and MeJ+M, these treatments were not superior compared to each other in severe stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin can be considered a safer treatment for practical usage in tomato than MeJ.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- a safer treatment for practical usagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Thus, owing to the disruption of the normal morpho-physiological processes in non-stress conditions by MeJ, M can be considered a safer treatment for practical usage”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJ+M application can optimize antioxidant protection in tomato under stress conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MeJ+M applicatione1
- Outcome
- antioxidant protection under stress conditionse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stress tolerance in tomato”
e1“Additionally, the MeJ+M application can not only optimize antioxidant protection under stress conditions but also stimulate plant growth under non-stress conditions”
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