Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial canker, a highly destructive disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), seriously affects kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) production. Lignin deposition in infected cells serves as a defense mechanism, effectively suppressing pathogen growth. However, the underlying process remains unclear. In this study, we determined that Psa infection leads to a significant increase in S-lignin accumulation in kiwifruit. The S/G ratio in lignin was higher in a Psa-resistant cultivar than in a Psa-sensitive cultivar. Furthermore, kiwifruit laccase 35 (AcLac35), encoding an enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway with characteristic laccase activity, showed tissue-specific expression in plants and was upregulated following infection by Psa. Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves resulted in greater lignin content than in wild-type leaves, leading to the formation of thicker cell walls, and also activated plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK pathways, thereby enhancing resistance against Psa infection. Yeast 1-hybrid assays, dual-LUC reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and transient injection experiments indicated that SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (AcSPL9) can bind to the AcLac35 promoter, thereby positively regulating its expression. Moreover, overexpression of AcSPL9 increased lignin accumulation in kiwifruit leaves, enhancing resistance to Psa, while virus-induced gene silencing of AcSPL9 expression reduced this resistance. Our findings reveal the function of AsSPL9-AcLac35 in kiwifruit, providing insight into enhancing resistance against Psa in kiwifruit.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Psa infection significantly increased S-lignin accumulation in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae1 - Treatment
- Psa infectione1
- Interactor
- Psae1pathogen
- Outcome
- S-lignin accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Psa infection leads to a significant increase in S-lignin accumulation in kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The S/G lignin ratio was higher in a Psa-resistant kiwifruit cultivar than in a Psa-sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Material
- Psa-resistant cultivare1
- Interactor
- Psae1pathogen
- Outcome
- S/G ratio in lignine1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- Psa-sensitive cultivare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seriously affects kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) production”
e1“The S/G ratio in lignin was higher in a Psa-resistant cultivar than in a Psa-sensitive cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
AcLac35 showed tissue-specific expression in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- AcLac35e1
- Outcome
- tissue-specific expressione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“kiwifruit laccase 35 (AcLac35), encoding an enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway with characteristic laccase activity, showed tissue-specific expression in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AcLac35 expression was upregulated in kiwifruit following Psa infection.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- infection by Psae1
- Interactor
- Psae1pathogen
- Gene
- AcLac35e0
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit laccase 35 (AcLac35)”
e1“showed tissue-specific expression in plants and was upregulated following infection by Psa”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves gave greater lignin content than wild-type leaves.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Overexpressing AcLac35e1
- Gene
- AcLac35e1
- Outcome
- lignin contente2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- wild-type leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves”
e2“greater lignin content than in wild-type leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves led to thicker cell walls.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- Overexpressing AcLac35e1
- Outcome
- cell wallse3
- Direction
- thickere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves”
e3“leading to the formation of thicker cell walls”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves enhanced resistance against Psa infection.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- Overexpressing AcLac35e1
- Interactor
- Psae4pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance against Psa infectione4
- Direction
- enhancinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves”
e4“thereby enhancing resistance against Psa infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing AcLac35 activated plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK pathways in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- Overexpressing AcLac35e1
- Outcome
- plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK pathwayse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Overexpressing AcLac35 in kiwifruit leaves”
e5“activated plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
AcSPL9 binds the AcLac35 promoter and positively regulates its expression in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Gene
- AcSPL9e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- positively regulatinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kiwifruit laccase 35 (AcLac35)”
e1“SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (AcSPL9) can bind to the AcLac35 promoter, thereby positively regulating its expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of AcSPL9 increased lignin accumulation in kiwifruit leaves.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- overexpression of AcSPL9e1
- Gene
- AcSPL9e1
- Outcome
- lignin accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“overexpression of AcSPL9 increased lignin accumulation in kiwifruit leaves, enhancing resistance to Psa”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of AcSPL9 enhanced resistance to Psa in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- overexpression of AcSPL9e1
- Interactor
- Psae1pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to Psae1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“overexpression of AcSPL9 increased lignin accumulation in kiwifruit leaves, enhancing resistance to Psa”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced silencing of AcSPL9 reduced resistance to Psa in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencing of AcSPL9 expressione2
- Interactor
- Psae3pathogen
- Gene
- AcSPL9e2
- Outcome
- resistancee2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lignin accumulation in kiwifruit leaves”
e2“virus-induced gene silencing of AcSPL9 expression reduced this resistance”
e3“resistance to Psa”
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4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.