Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit, has brought about substantial losses to the kiwifruit industry. Investigating the infection process at both the cellular and microscopic levels is of great significance for the formulation of effective control strategies against this disease. Thus, the establishment of appropriate chemical imaging analysis methods becomes essential. Confocal Raman microspectral imaging (CRMI), combined with chemometrics, provides an intuitive means to visualize and characterize the spatiotemporal changes of biopolymers in the cell walls of both healthy and infected kiwifruit stems. Raman spectra of different infected stems exhibit clustering effects in Principal component analysis (PCA), and a classification model constructed using Support vector machines (SVM) achieves an accuracy of 97%. Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) is utilized to resolve spectral matrices and concentration profiles from raw Raman imaging signals. The reconstructed concentration data yields accurate molecular imaging maps of High-methylated pectin (HMP), Low-methylated pectin (LMP), cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The results indicate that, three days after Psa infection, the content of cellulose and HMP in the cell wall increases, while the changes in hemicellulose, lignin, and LMP are minimal. However, five days after infection, the contents of HMP, LMP, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin decrease significantly, resulting in the disruption of the cell-wall structure. The chemical imaging method proposed in this study shows great promise as an effective means for studying the bacterial infection process in kiwifruit stems at the cellular level.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
A support vector machine classifier of Raman spectra from infected kiwifruit stems reached 97% accuracy.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae0 - Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaee0pathogen - Outcome
- accuracye1
- Value
- 97%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e1“a classification model constructed using Support vector machines (SVM) achieves an accuracy of 97%”
Claim · model-written summary
Raman spectra of infected kiwifruit stems clustered in principal component analysis.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Organ / stage
- stemse2
- Outcome
- clustering effectse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e2“Raman spectra of different infected stems exhibit clustering effects in Principal component analysis (PCA)”
Claim · model-written summary
MCR-ALS yielded accurate molecular imaging maps of the cell-wall biopolymers.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- accurate molecular imaging mapse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e3“The reconstructed concentration data yields accurate molecular imaging maps of High-methylated pectin (HMP), Low-methylated pectin (LMP), cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin”
Claim · model-written summary
Three days after Psa infection, cellulose and HMP content in the cell wall increased.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Psa infectione4
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaePseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- the content of cellulose and HMP in the cell walle4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Qualifier
- three days after Psa infectione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e4“three days after Psa infection, the content of cellulose and HMP in the cell wall increases, while the changes in hemicellulose, lignin, and LMP are minimal”
Claim · model-written summary
Three days after Psa infection, hemicellulose, lignin and LMP changed minimally in kiwifruit stems.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Psa infectione4
- Outcome
- changes in hemicellulose, lignin, and LMPe4
- Direction
- minimale4
- Qualifier
- three days after Psa infectione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e4“three days after Psa infection, the content of cellulose and HMP in the cell wall increases, while the changes in hemicellulose, lignin, and LMP are minimal”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days after infection, the contents of HMP, LMP and cellulose decreased significantly in kiwifruit stems.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- infectione5
- Outcome
- contents of HMP, LMP, cellulosee5
- Direction
- decrease significantlye5
- Qualifier
- five days after infectione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e5“five days after infection, the contents of HMP, LMP, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin decrease significantly, resulting in the disruption of the cell-wall structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days after infection, hemicellulose and lignin decreased significantly in kiwifruit stems.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- infectione5
- Outcome
- hemicellulose, and lignine5
- Direction
- decrease significantlye5
- Qualifier
- five days after infectione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e5“five days after infection, the contents of HMP, LMP, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin decrease significantly, resulting in the disruption of the cell-wall structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days after Psa infection, the cell-wall structure of kiwifruit stems was disrupted.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- disruption of the cell-wall structuree5
- Qualifier
- five days after infectione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit”
e5“five days after infection, the contents of HMP, LMP, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin decrease significantly, resulting in the disruption of the cell-wall structure”
The same questions in other papers
infection · molecular: metabolites · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.