Abstract
The fixation/immobilization and release/remineralization of fertilizer-derived mineral nitrogen (N) to fixed ammonium (NH 4 + ) and organic N pools are crucial in fertilizer utilization and crop N uptake. Although straw mulching reduces the gaseous and leaching losses of fertilizer N from farmlands, the dynamics of fertilizer-derived fixed NH 4 + and organic N and their roles in fertilizer N retention and supply in soil-crop systems remain unclear. This study utilized 15 N-isotope labeling in Northeast China to assess how conventional ridge tillage (RT) and no-till systems with different straw mulch levels (NT0, NT33, NT67, and NT100) affect the accumulation and release of fertilizer-derived fixed NH 4 + and organic N. Compared to RT and NT0, no-tillage with straw mulching increased the conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 + and organic N by an average of 15.3 % and 36.5 %, respectively, at a soil depth of 0–40 cm during the maize seedling stage. The higher net release of fertilizer-derived fixed NH 4 + (average of 94.1 %) in a 0–40 cm soil layer suggested a high short-term N supply potential from this source during the growing season . Conversely, the limited net release of fertilizer-sourced organic N via remineralization during the vegetative phase (average of 51.3 %), coupled with the net re-immobilization of fertilizer N from the tasseling to ripening stages (average of 22.9 %), indicated a long-term N supply capacity of fertilizer-derived organic N for subsequent crops. No-tillage combined with straw mulching significantly enhanced fertilizer N use efficiency and maize yield by averages of 10.2 % and 14.8 %, respectively, compared to those of RT and NT0, demonstrating the effectiveness of these practices in optimizing fertilizer application and ensuring high crop productivity. Moreover, these conservation tillage practices enhanced fertilizer utilization and achieved sustainable agricultural outcomes by regulating the conversion and release of fertilizer N to soil-fixed NH 4 + and organic N pools and by improving other soil properties.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage with straw mulching increased conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 + by 15.3% relative to RT and NT0 in maize at the seedling stage.
- Organ / stage
- maize seedling stagee0
- Treatment
- no-tillage with straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.3 %e0
- Comparator
- RT and NT0e0
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to RT and NT0, no-tillage with straw mulching increased the conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 + and organic N by an average of 15.3 % and 36.5 %, respectively, at a soil depth of 0–40 cm during the maize seedling stage”
e1“This study utilized 15 N-isotope labeling in Northeast China”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage with straw mulching increased conversion of fertilizer N to organic N by 36.5% relative to RT and NT0 in maize at the seedling stage.
- Organ / stage
- maize seedling stagee0
- Treatment
- no-tillage with straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 + and organic Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.5 %e0
- Comparator
- RT and NT0e0
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to RT and NT0, no-tillage with straw mulching increased the conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH 4 + and organic N by an average of 15.3 % and 36.5 %, respectively, at a soil depth of 0–40 cm during the maize seedling stage”
e1“This study utilized 15 N-isotope labeling in Northeast China”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
Net release of fertilizer-derived fixed NH4+ was higher (94.1%) in the 0-40 cm soil layer of maize fields.
- Outcome
- net release of fertilizer-derived fixed NH 4 +e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 94.1 %e2
- Setting
- 0–40 cm soil layere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The higher net release of fertilizer-derived fixed NH 4 + (average of 94.1 %) in a 0–40 cm soil layer”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
Net release of fertilizer-sourced organic N via remineralization was limited (51.3%) during the vegetative phase of maize.
- Organ / stage
- vegetative phasee3
- Outcome
- net release of fertilizer-sourced organic N via remineralizatione3
- Direction
- limitede3
- Value
- 51.3 %e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the limited net release of fertilizer-sourced organic N via remineralization during the vegetative phase (average of 51.3 %)”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
Net re-immobilization of fertilizer N was 22.9% from tasseling to ripening in maize.
- Organ / stage
- tasseling to ripening stagese4
- Outcome
- net re-immobilization of fertilizer Ne4
- Value
- 22.9 %e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the net re-immobilization of fertilizer N from the tasseling to ripening stages (average of 22.9 %)”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage combined with straw mulching significantly enhanced fertilizer N use efficiency by 10.2% compared to RT and NT0 in maize.
- Treatment
- No-tillage combined with straw mulchinge5
- Outcome
- fertilizer N use efficiencye5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 10.2 %e5
- Comparator
- RT and NT0e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“No-tillage combined with straw mulching significantly enhanced fertilizer N use efficiency and maize yield by averages of 10.2 % and 14.8 %, respectively, compared to those of RT and NT0”
t0“in maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage combined with straw mulching significantly enhanced maize yield by 14.8% compared to RT and NT0.
- Treatment
- No-tillage combined with straw mulchinge5
- Outcome
- maize yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 14.8 %e5
- Comparator
- RT and NT0e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“No-tillage combined with straw mulching significantly enhanced fertilizer N use efficiency and maize yield by averages of 10.2 % and 14.8 %, respectively, compared to those of RT and NT0”
t0“in maize production”
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