Abstract
In order to maintain high yields and protect the environment, the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic ones has received increasing attention in recent years. A 2-year field experiment (2015-2016) was carried out to assess the effects of substituting equal amounts of mineral fertilizer with organic manure on the yield, dry matter (DM), and nitrogen (N) uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.) and on the mineral N (Nmin) distribution in the soil profile. The treatments included chemical fertilizer; different amounts of maize straw, cow manure, and chicken manure; and an unfertilized control (CK). Compared with the chemical fertilizer treatments, equal amounts of substitutions with cow manure or chicken manure increased production, and a 25% nutrient substitution resulted in the best yield increase. Straw return had no effect on maize production, and 100% straw return resulted in reduced production. The N accumulation and DM content both exhibited a slow-fast-slow growth trend throughout the various growth stages, and the average N uptake and DM accumulation in response to the treatments followed the order of chicken manure > cow manure > chemical fertilizer > straw return > CK. The Nmin content in the profile not only increased as the Nmin application rate increased but also showed greater increases at certain depths than at the surface, indicating that excessive N led to leaching. These results suggest that an appropriate proportion of organic substitution not only provides enough nutrients but also improves the soil environment and leads to increased yields. This technique represents a practical method of continuously increasing production and reducing the risk of N leaching.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Equal substitution of chemical fertilizer with cow manure or chicken manure increased spring maize production.
- Treatment
- equal amounts of substitutions with cow manure or chicken manuree2
- Outcome
- productione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizer treatmentse2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Compared with the chemical fertilizer treatments, equal amounts of substitutions with cow manure or chicken manure increased production, and a 25% nutrient substitution resulted in the best yield increase”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% nutrient substitution gave the largest yield increase relative to chemical fertilizer in spring maize.
- Treatment
- 25% nutrient substitutione2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizer treatmentse2
- Setting
- 2-year field experiment (2015-2016)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A 2-year field experiment (2015-2016) was carried out”
e2“Compared with the chemical fertilizer treatments, equal amounts of substitutions with cow manure or chicken manure increased production, and a 25% nutrient substitution resulted in the best yield increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return had no effect on maize production.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“Straw return had no effect on maize production”
Claim · model-written summary
100% straw return reduced spring maize production.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“100% straw return resulted in reduced production”
Claim · model-written summary
N accumulation and dry matter content of spring maize followed a slow-fast-slow trend across growth stages.
- Organ / stage
- various growth stagese5
- Outcome
- N accumulation and DM contente5
- Qualifier
- slow-fast-slow growth trende5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“The N accumulation and DM content both exhibited a slow-fast-slow growth trend throughout the various growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Average N uptake and DM accumulation followed the order chicken manure > cow manure > chemical fertilizer > straw return > CK.
- Treatment
- chicken manuree6
- Outcome
- N uptake and DM accumulatione6
- Direction
- followed the ordere6
- Qualifier
- chicken manure > cow manure > chemical fertilizer > straw return > CKe6
- Comparator
- CKe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e6“the average N uptake and DM accumulation in response to the treatments followed the order of chicken manure > cow manure > chemical fertilizer > straw return > CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral N content increased as the Nmin application rate increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e7“The Nmin content in the profile not only increased as the Nmin application rate increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Nmin increases at certain depths were greater than at the surface.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“showed greater increases at certain depths than at the surface”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive N led to leaching of soil mineral N.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“indicating that excessive N led to leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
An appropriate proportion of organic substitution is suggested to provide enough nutrients and increase yields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“an appropriate proportion of organic substitution not only provides enough nutrients but also improves the soil environment and leads to increased yields”
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See all 3,908 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.