Abstract
Extracts of plants have been used to manage various insect pests, but little information is available about how effective they are in reducing crop damage or how they affect crop yield and beneficial insects in rice. Extracts from Azadirachta indica leaves, Lantana camara leaves, Nerium oleander leaves, Aegle marmelos leaves, Allium sativum cloves, and Citrus limon fruits, known to have insecticidal properties, were compared with two checks, viz., Azadirachtin 1% EC and standard insecticide Acephate 95 SG, for their efficacy against yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walk.), and rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) and natural enemies in cultivated rice in Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Untreated rice plants served as control. An adjuvant, Tween 20 at 1%, was added with all the botanical extracts except the commercial formulation. Plant damage, insect population numbers, and yield were monitored during two consecutive wet seasons from 2022 to 2023. Mean rice yield was significantly higher in the A. indica and Acephate 95 SG treatments, i.e., 4.68 t/ha and 4.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.27 t/ha) and were significantly at par with each other. The L. camara and A. indica treatments were effective against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pests. The highest cost–benefit ratio of (1:4.65) was obtained from the Acephate treatment and was closely followed by the A. indica treatment (1:3.74). All the studied botanicals had less impact on natural enemies than synthetic chemicals. Among these botanicals, the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii , Telenomus dignus , and Trichogramma japonicum ) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments. Although all the studied botanicals were effective against both the major insect pests in rice, the A. indica , A. marmelos , A. sativum , and L. camara treatments showed the most promising against rice insect pests, so they may be incorporated into integrated pest management of rice.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was higher with A. indica extract than in the untreated control
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- A. indicae1
- Outcome
- Mean rice yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 4.68 t/hae1
- Qualifier
- 2.27 t/hae1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e1“Mean rice yield was significantly higher in the A. indica and Acephate 95 SG treatments, i.e., 4.68 t/ha and 4.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.27 t/ha) and were significantly at par with each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was higher with Acephate 95 SG than in the untreated control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Acephate 95 SGe1
- Outcome
- Mean rice yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 4.66 t/hae1
- Qualifier
- 2.27 t/hae1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e1“Mean rice yield was significantly higher in the A. indica and Acephate 95 SG treatments, i.e., 4.68 t/ha and 4.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.27 t/ha) and were significantly at par with each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield with A. indica extract was at par with Acephate 95 SG
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. indicae1
- Outcome
- Mean rice yielde1
- Direction
- at pare1
- Comparator
- Acephate 95 SGe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e1“Mean rice yield was significantly higher in the A. indica and Acephate 95 SG treatments, i.e., 4.68 t/ha and 4.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.27 t/ha) and were significantly at par with each other”
Claim · model-written summary
L. camara extract was effective against both major lepidopteran rice pests
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- L. camarae2
- Interactor
- major lepidopteran rice insect pestse2pest
- Outcome
- against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pestse2
- Direction
- effectivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e2“The L. camara and A. indica treatments were effective against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pests”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica extract was effective against both major lepidopteran rice pests
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. indicae2
- Interactor
- major lepidopteran rice insect pestse2pest
- Outcome
- against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pestse2
- Direction
- effectivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e2“The L. camara and A. indica treatments were effective against both the major lepidopteran rice insect pests”
Claim · model-written summary
Acephate gave the highest cost-benefit ratio, followed closely by A. indica
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Acephatee3
- Outcome
- cost–benefit ratioe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 1:4.65e3
- Qualifier
- 1:3.74e3
- Comparator
- A. indica treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e3“The highest cost–benefit ratio of (1:4.65) was obtained from the Acephate treatment and was closely followed by the A. indica treatment (1:3.74)”
Claim · model-written summary
Studied botanicals had less impact on natural enemies than synthetic chemicals
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- studied botanicalse4
- Interactor
- natural enemiese4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- impact on natural enemiese4
- Direction
- lesse4
- Comparator
- synthetic chemicalse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e4“All the studied botanicals had less impact on natural enemies than synthetic chemicals”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica treatment had the maximum mean population of predators
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. indicae5
- Interactor
- predatorse5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mean population of predatorse5
- Direction
- maximume5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e5“the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii , Telenomus dignus , and Trichogramma japonicum ) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A. marmelos treatment had the maximum mean population of predators
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. marmelose5
- Interactor
- predatorse5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mean population of predatorse5
- Direction
- maximume5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e5“the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii , Telenomus dignus , and Trichogramma japonicum ) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica treatment had the maximum parasitoid population
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. indicae5
- Interactor
- Tetrastichus schoenobiiTetrastichus schoenobiie5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitoidse5
- Direction
- maximume5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e5“the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii , Telenomus dignus , and Trichogramma japonicum ) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A. marmelos treatment had the maximum parasitoid population
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. marmelose5
- Interactor
- Tetrastichus schoenobiiTetrastichus schoenobiie5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitoidse5
- Direction
- maximume5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e5“the maximum mean population of predators (like spiders and carabid beetles) and parasitoids (like Tetrastichus schoenobii , Telenomus dignus , and Trichogramma japonicum ) were observed in the A. indica and A. marmelos treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica, A. marmelos and A. sativum extracts may be incorporated into rice IPM
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. indica , A. marmelos , A. sativume6
- Interactor
- rice insect pestse6pest
- Outcome
- incorporated into integrated pest managemente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e6“the A. indica , A. marmelos , A. sativum , and L. camara treatments showed the most promising against rice insect pests, so they may be incorporated into integrated pest management of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
L. camara extract may be incorporated into rice IPM
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- L. camarae6
- Interactor
- rice insect pestse6pest
- Outcome
- incorporated into integrated pest managemente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e6“the A. indica , A. marmelos , A. sativum , and L. camara treatments showed the most promising against rice insect pests, so they may be incorporated into integrated pest management of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All studied botanicals were effective against both major rice insect pests
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- studied botanicalse7
- Interactor
- major insect pestse7pest
- Outcome
- against both the major insect pestse7
- Direction
- effectivee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in rice Oryza sativa L”
e7“Although all the studied botanicals were effective against both the major insect pests in rice”
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