Abstract
Using a modern strategy of nanoparticles as nanofertilizer combined with green algae as biofertilizers in foliar spray application on medicinal plants seems to be a hopeful eco-friendly strategy. This study evaluated the effects of foliar spraying of nanofertilizer AgNPs at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/L, biofertilizer spirulina extract at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L, and the combination of AgNPs solution and microalgae extract in different concentrations and control plants (untreated plants). Our data revealed that the treatment of various concentrations of AgNPs or spirulina extract significantly promoted growth, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yield. The highest promotion was with the treatments of 100 mg/L AgNPs or 1.5 g/L spirulina extract compared with the control treatment. The highest concentration of AgNPs showed a negative effect on basil plant growth and a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde content. Whereas all spirulina treatments reported synergistic effects in combination with AgNPs to mitigate the negative overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the levels that synergistically induced essential oil accumulation, the spirulina extract supported nutritional and bioactive compounds promoting plant growth parameters and indirectly suppressed the oxidative damage by activating the antioxidant defense enzymes and directly antioxidant against ROS formation. The results highlighted that the combination of the silver nanoparticle and green algae at a concentration of 100 mg/L AgNPs + 1.5 g/L spirulina extract could collaborate as a biofertilizer to improve the quality and quantity of French basil, which is better than spraying nanofertilizer (AgNPs) individual. Thus, spirulina plays an important role in avoiding the harmful effects of nanoparticles while at the same time making nano a promising agrochemical fertilizer.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs significantly promoted basil growth traits and essential oil outcomes.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- AgNPse0
- Outcome
- growth, plant height, number of leavese0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“various concentrations of AgNPs or spirulina extract significantly promoted growth, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract significantly promoted basil growth traits.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- spirulina extracte0
- Outcome
- growth, plant height, number of leavese0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“various concentrations of AgNPs or spirulina extract significantly promoted growth, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AgNPs promoted fresh and dry weight and yield.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- AgNPse0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yielde0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“various concentrations of AgNPs or spirulina extract significantly promoted growth, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract promoted fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage and yield.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- spirulina extracte0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yielde0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“various concentrations of AgNPs or spirulina extract significantly promoted growth, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, essential oil percentage, and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The strongest promotion occurred with 100 mg/L AgNPs versus control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L AgNPse0
- Outcome
- promotione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“The highest promotion was with the treatments of 100 mg/L AgNPs or 1.5 g/L spirulina extract compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The strongest promotion occurred with 1.5 g/L spirulina extract versus control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 1.5 g/L spirulina extracte0
- Outcome
- promotione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“The highest promotion was with the treatments of 100 mg/L AgNPs or 1.5 g/L spirulina extract compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest AgNP concentration harmed basil plant growth.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- highest concentration of AgNPse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of AgNPs showed a negative effect on basil plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest AgNP concentration significantly increased malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- highest concentration of AgNPse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of AgNPs showed a negative effect on basil plant growth and a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined spirulina and AgNP treatments mitigated excess ROS.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- spirulina treatmentse0
- Outcome
- overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- mitigatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“all spirulina treatments reported synergistic effects in combination with AgNPs to mitigate the negative overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined spirulina and AgNP treatments induced essential oil accumulation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- essential oil accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“synergistically induced essential oil accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract supported nutritional and bioactive compounds.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- spirulina extracte0
- Outcome
- nutritional and bioactive compoundse0
- Direction
- supportede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“the spirulina extract supported nutritional and bioactive compounds promoting plant growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract suppressed oxidative damage through antioxidant defense enzymes and direct antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Gene
- antioxidant defense enzymese0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“indirectly suppressed the oxidative damage by activating the antioxidant defense enzymes and directly antioxidant against ROS formation”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100 mg/L AgNPs plus 1.5 g/L spirulina combination was judged better for basil quality and quantity than AgNPs alone.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of the silver nanoparticle and green algae at a concentration of 100 mg/L AgNPs + 1.5 g/L spirulina extract could collaborate as a biofertilizer to improve the quality and quantity of French basil, which is better than spraying nanofertilizer (AgNPs) individual”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged spirulina important for avoiding harmful nanoparticle effects.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vertOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- avoiding the harmful effects of nanoparticlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ocimum basilicum cv. Grand vert”
e0“spirulina plays an important role in avoiding the harmful effects of nanoparticles”
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