Abstract
BACKGROUND: Balancing nutrient application is crucial for plant growth. However, excessive fertilizer use, especially imbalanced applications of macronutrients such as phosphate (P), can hinder plant uptake of micronutrients. Balanced P and zinc (Zn) are vital for apple yield and quality, and apple trees are highly sensitive to deficiencies in these nutrients. Therefore, this study was conducted in May 2022, employed a sand culture experiment to investigate the effects of varying P and Zn levels on the growth phenotype, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, sugar composition, endogenous hormone levels, and nutrient absorption and utilization of M9-T337 seedlings. Three levels of P (low, medium, high) and three levels of Zn (low, medium, high) were combined to create a total of nine distinct treatment. RESULTS: ) and an adequate amount of Zn significantly enhanced plant growth, root system development, and the microstructure of leaves. Notably, seedlings treated with high P and low Zn (HPLZn) reached a height 1.54 times that of the medium P and medium Zn (MPMZn, control). Physiological indicators under HP conditions revealed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention, photosynthetic pigment concentration, osmotic adjustment substances, and the contents of glucose, sucrose, fructose, endogenous hormones, as well as P and Zn accumulation in the leaves, compared to the control. However, an increase in Zn application led to a declining trend in these parameters. Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control. CONCLUSION: ) was found to be the most effective in enhancing the antioxidant capacity, sugar accumulation, osmotic regulation ability, photosynthetic capacity, endogenous hormone levels, as well as P and Zn nutrient absorption and utilization in M9-T337 seedlings.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
High P with low Zn raised seedling height to 1.54 times control.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- high P and low Zne0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- 1.54 timese0
- Value
- 1.54 timese0
- Comparator
- medium P and medium Zne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings treated with high P and low Zn (HPLZn) reached a height 1.54 times that of the medium P and medium Zn (MPMZn, control)”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High P significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention and photosynthetic pigment concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention, photosynthetic pigment concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological indicators under HP conditions revealed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention, photosynthetic pigment concentration, osmotic adjustment substances, and the contents of glucose, sucrose, fructose, endogenous hormones, as well as P and Zn accumulation in the leaves, compared to the control”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High P significantly increased osmotic adjustment substances and glucose and sucrose contents relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPe0
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustment substances, and the contents of glucose, sucrosee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological indicators under HP conditions revealed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention, photosynthetic pigment concentration, osmotic adjustment substances, and the contents of glucose, sucrose, fructose, endogenous hormones, as well as P and Zn accumulation in the leaves, compared to the control”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High P significantly increased fructose, endogenous hormone contents and leaf P and Zn accumulation relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPe0
- Outcome
- fructose, endogenous hormones, as well as P and Zn accumulation in the leavese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological indicators under HP conditions revealed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activity, leaf water retention, photosynthetic pigment concentration, osmotic adjustment substances, and the contents of glucose, sucrose, fructose, endogenous hormones, as well as P and Zn accumulation in the leaves, compared to the control”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn application led to a declining trend in the physiological indicators.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- increase in Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- these parameterse0
- Direction
- declining trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, an increase in Zn application led to a declining trend in these parameters.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 7.12% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- Net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 7.12%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b) by 27.32% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 27.32%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased glucose by 11.40% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- glucosee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 11.40%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased fructose by 23.20% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- fructosee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 23.20%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased sucrose by 16.67% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- sucrosee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 16.67%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLZn increased Auxin(IAA) by 55.11% relative to control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- HPLZn treatmente0
- Outcome
- Auxin(IAA)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 55.11%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the HPLZn treatment exhibited substantial increases in Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Total chlorophyll (Chl a + b), glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Auxin(IAA), with increments of 7.12%, 27.32%, 11.40%, 23.20%, 16.67%, and 55.11%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“apple rootstock M9-T337 seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.