Abstract
Effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 250 mg L–1) and zinc (0.3% ZnSO4) treatments on pre-harvest fruit drops, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, color characteristics (L*, chroma and hue angle), soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, flesh and leaf micronutrients and macronutrients of ‘William’s Pride’ apples, were investigated in this study. AVG was sprayed 4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date and Zn was sprayed when the fruits reached the size of a walnut. As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops. However, combined AVG + Zinc treatments were found to be more effective in reducing the pre-harvest drops. At the last measurement date (15th of August), 60% fruit drop was measured in control, but 22% in AVG + Zinc treatment. AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis. On the other hand, single zinc treatments stimulated ethylene synthesis. AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development. As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values. While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes. As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents. Based on present findings, it was concluded that AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest drops in apples.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Single AVG reduced preharvest fruit drop against control.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- single AVGe0
- Outcome
- pre-harvest dropse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Single zinc reduced preharvest fruit drop against control.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pre-harvest dropse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AVG and zinc reduced preharvest drops more effectively.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combined AVG + Zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pre-harvest dropse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, combined AVG + Zinc treatments were found to be more effective in reducing the pre-harvest drops.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
At the final date, combined AVG and zinc fruit drop was 22%, versus 60% in control.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG + Zinc treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit drope0
- Direction
- 22%e0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- 60% fruit drope0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the last measurement date (15th of August), 60% fruit drop was measured in control, but 22% in AVG + Zinc treatment.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG reduced ethylene synthesis.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AVG and zinc reduced ethylene synthesis.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG + Zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Single zinc stimulated ethylene synthesis.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- single zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, single zinc treatments stimulated ethylene synthesis.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG retarded red skin color development.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG treatmentse0
- Outcome
- red skin color developmente0
- Direction
- retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc stimulated red color development.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- red color developmente0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG-treated fruit had greater firmness than control and single zinc fruit.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG-treated fruitse0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- control and single zinc treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG-treated fruit had greater acidity than control and single zinc fruit.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG-treated fruitse0
- Outcome
- acidity valuese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- control and single zinc treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG-treated fruit had lower SSC than control and single zinc fruit.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG-treated fruitse0
- Outcome
- SSC valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- control and single zinc treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG increased total phenolics and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phenolics and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc decreased total phenolics and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phenolics and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased fruit flesh Cu, N and P contents against control.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- flesh Cu, N, Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased fruit flesh K content against control.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- K contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased leaf Mn, N and P contents against control.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- zinc treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf Mn, N and P contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents.”
t0“‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend AVG to reduce apple preharvest fruit drop.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest dropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on present findings, it was concluded that AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest drops in apples.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.