Abstract
Introduction The production of high-quality food for the growing world population on the one hand and the reduction of chemical-synthetic pesticides on the other hand represents a major challenge for agriculture worldwide. The effectiveness of a combination of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants (BSs) with various nitrogen (N) forms in pathogen defense is discussed as a promising, but still poorly understood bio-based alternative for crop protection. Methods For this reason, nitrate and stabilized ammonium fertilizer both combined with a consortium of Pseudomonas brassicacearum , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , and Trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment or with a mixture of seaweed extract ( Ascophyllum nodosum ) together with chitosan-amended micronutrient fertilizer as foliar spray application were compared under controlled greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, a combination of microbial and different non-microbial BSs (seaweed extracts + chitosan) and micronutrients with nitrate or with stabilized ammonium fertilizer was tested under field conditions to improve nutrient availability, promote plant growth, and suppress Zymoseptoria tritici ( Zt ) in winter wheat. Results and discussion While plant-protective effects against Zt by the microbial consortium application could be observed particularly under ammonium fertilization, the application of seaweed extract–chitosan mixture expressed plant defense against Zt more strongly under nitrate fertilization. In the field trial, the combination of microbial consortium with the seaweed extract–chitosan mixture together with micronutrients zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) showed positive effects against Zt under ammonium fertilization, associated with increased levels of defense metabolites. Furthermore, the additional input of Zn and copper (Cu) from the chitosan application improved the micronutrient status by minimizing the risk of Zn and Cu deficiency under controlled and field conditions. The use of BSs and the inoculation of Zt did not show any effects on plant growth and yield neither under controlled greenhouse conditions nor in the field. Summarized, microbial and non-microbial BSs separately applied or even combined together as one treatment did not influence plant growth or yield but made a positive contribution to an N form-dependent promotion of pathogen defense.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The microbial consortium protected wheat against Zt particularly under ammonium fertilization.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- microbial consortium applicatione0
- Interactor
- Zte0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant-protective effects against Zte0
- Qualifier
- particularly under ammonium fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant-protective effects against Zt by the microbial consortium application could be observed particularly under ammonium fertilization”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract–chitosan more strongly induced defense against Zt under nitrate fertilization.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed extract–chitosan mixturee0
- Interactor
- Zte0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant defense against Zte0
- Direction
- more stronglye0
- Qualifier
- under nitrate fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of seaweed extract–chitosan mixture expressed plant defense against Zt more strongly under nitrate fertilization”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined consortium, seaweed extract–chitosan, and micronutrients protected against Zt under ammonium fertilization.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combination of microbial consortium with the seaweed extract–chitosan mixture together with micronutrients zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn)e0
- Interactor
- Zte0pathogen
- Outcome
- positive effects against Zte0
- Qualifier
- under ammonium fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combination of microbial consortium with the seaweed extract–chitosan mixture together with micronutrients zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) showed positive effects against Zt under ammonium fertilization”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense metabolites increased with the combined treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- levels of defense metabolitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“associated with increased levels of defense metabolites”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn and Cu input from chitosan improved micronutrient status and lowered deficiency risk.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chitosan applicatione0
- Outcome
- micronutrient statuse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- controlled and field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“additional input of Zn and copper (Cu) from the chitosan application improved the micronutrient status by minimizing the risk of Zn and Cu deficiency under controlled and field conditions”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants had no reported effect on plant growth or yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BSse0
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde0
- Direction
- did not show any effectse0
- Setting
- controlled greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of BSs and the inoculation of Zt did not show any effects on plant growth and yield neither under controlled greenhouse conditions nor in the field”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zt inoculation had no reported effect on plant growth or yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation of Zte0
- Interactor
- Zte0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde0
- Direction
- did not show any effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of BSs and the inoculation of Zt did not show any effects on plant growth and yield neither under controlled greenhouse conditions nor in the field”
t0“winter wheat”
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