Abstract
Seaweed extract has gained popularity in agriculture due to global trend of promoting sustainable agricultural development. Seaweed contains phytohormones such as IAA and gibberellin and minerals that induce seeds germination. While conventional extraction of seaweeds has been carried out with different organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol, the present study uses natural and commonly available organic liquids i.e., water, vinegar, fermented buttermilk, and cow urine as extracting agents to make them suitable for regenerative agriculture. The organic solvents used in this study have a known nutritional composition and facilitate the enhancement of plant defense systems. Three seaweed species, Caulerpa racemosa , Gracilaria edulis , and Sargassum wightii , were extracted with different solvents at various concentrations and compared. The mineral analysis and FTIR characterization of different seaweeds and their extracts showed variation in composition and functional groups. Seaweed species, however, showed no variation in seed germination. Fermented buttermilk and water extract improved the germination properties of blackgram between 0.1–5% concentrations and led to higher increase in shoot and root length and biomass yield. The hormetic response by blackgram to the seaweed extract was observed starting at an average of 2% concentration with toxicity at 5% concentration and above for water and fermented buttermilk extract. However, vinegar and cow urine extracted seaweed showed toxicity symptoms even at lower concentrations (0.1%) inhibiting germination. Therefore, water and buttermilk extract may be recommended at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed species differed in mineral composition and functional groups.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)
Vigna mungot0 - Outcome
- variation in composition and functional groupse0
- Qualifier
- different seaweeds and their extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mineral analysis and FTIR characterization of different seaweeds and their extracts showed variation in composition and functional groups”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed species showed no variation in blackgram seed germination.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Seaweed speciese0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- no variatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed species, however, showed no variation in seed germination”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented buttermilk seaweed extract improved blackgram germination properties at 0.1–5%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- Fermented buttermilke0
- Outcome
- germination propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 0.1–5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fermented buttermilk and water extract improved the germination properties of blackgram between 0.1–5% concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Water seaweed extract improved blackgram germination properties at 0.1–5%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Outcome
- germination propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 0.1–5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fermented buttermilk and water extract improved the germination properties of blackgram between 0.1–5% concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented buttermilk and water extracts increased shoot length, root length and biomass yield.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Fermented buttermilk and water extracte1
- Outcome
- shoot and root length and biomass yielde0
- Direction
- higher increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“led to higher increase in shoot and root length and biomass yield”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
e1“Fermented buttermilk and water extract improved the germination properties of blackgram between 0.1–5% concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract caused toxicity at 5% and above after hormetic response began around 2%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- watere0
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- starting at an average of 2% concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hormetic response by blackgram to the seaweed extract was observed starting at an average of 2% concentration with toxicity at 5% concentration and above for water and fermented buttermilk extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented buttermilk extract caused toxicity at 5% and above after hormetic response began around 2%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Treatment
- fermented buttermilk extracte0
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- starting at an average of 2% concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hormetic response by blackgram to the seaweed extract was observed starting at an average of 2% concentration with toxicity at 5% concentration and above for water and fermented buttermilk extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Vinegar-extracted seaweed inhibited germination with toxicity at 0.1%.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- vinegare0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 0.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vinegar and cow urine extracted seaweed showed toxicity symptoms even at lower concentrations (0.1%) inhibiting germination”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow-urine-extracted seaweed inhibited germination with toxicity at 0.1%.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- cow urinee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 0.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vinegar and cow urine extracted seaweed showed toxicity symptoms even at lower concentrations (0.1%) inhibiting germination”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend water extract at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- watere0
- Outcome
- enhanced germinatione0
- Value
- 0.5–1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water and buttermilk extract may be recommended at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend buttermilk extract at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination.
- Taxon
- blackgram (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungot0
- Treatment
- buttermilk extracte0
- Outcome
- enhanced germinatione0
- Value
- 0.5–1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water and buttermilk extract may be recommended at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination”
t0“blackgram (Vigna mungo)”
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