Abstract
To investigate the effects and mechanism of prolonged inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization on the N-use efficiency of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a long-term study initiated in 2003 was conducted. The study analyzed how N fertilization affects dry matter translocation, N translocation, soil NO3-N, and N-use efficiency. Five different N-fertilizer rate treatments were tested: N0, N52.5, N105, N157.5, and N210, corresponding to annual N fertilizer doses of 0, 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg N ha−1, respectively. Results showed that increasing N-fertilizer rates significantly enhanced the two-year average dry matter accumulation amount (DMA) at maturity by 22.97–56.25% and pre-flowering crop growth rate (CGR) by 17.11–92.85%, with no significant increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1. However, no significant correlation was observed between the dry matter translocation efficiency (DTE) and wheat grain yield. Both insufficient and excessive N applications resulted in an imbalanced N distribution favoring vegetative growth over reproductive growth, thus negatively impacting N-use efficiency. At maturity, the N-fertilized treatments significantly increased the two-year average N accumulation amount (NAA) by 52.04–129.98%, with no further increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1. N fertilization also improved the two-year average N translocation efficiency (NTE) by 56.89–63.80% and the N contribution proportion (NCP) of wheat vegetative organs by 27.79–57.83%, peaking in the lower-N treatment (N52.5). However, high-N treatment (N210) led to an increase in NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layer, with an increase of 26.27% in 2018 and 122.44% in 2019. This higher soil NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm layer decreased NHI, NUE, NAE, NPFP, and NMB. Additionally, N fertilization significantly reduced the two-year average N harvest index (NHI) by 9.89–12.85% and N utilization efficiency (NUE) by 11.14–20.79%, both decreasing with higher N application rates. The NAA followed the trend of anthesis > maturity > jointing. At the 105 kg N ha−1 rate, the highest N agronomic efficiency (NAE) (9.31 kg kg−1), N recovery efficiency (NRE) (38.32%), and N marginal benefit (NMB) (10.67 kg kg−1) were observed. Higher dry matter translocation amount (DTA) and N translocation amount (NTA) reduced NHI and NUE, whereas higher NTE improved NHI, NUE, and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). Overall, N fertilization enhanced N-use efficiency in spring wheat by improving N translocation rather than dry matter translocation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rates increased dry matter accumulation at maturity by 22.97–56.25%.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increasing N-fertilizer ratese0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation amount (DMA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 22.97–56.25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing N-fertilizer rates significantly enhanced the two-year average dry matter accumulation amount (DMA) at maturity by 22.97–56.25%”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rates increased pre-flowering crop growth rate by 17.11–92.85%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Outcome
- pre-flowering crop growth rate (CGR)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17.11–92.85%e0
- Qualifier
- no significant increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-flowering crop growth rate (CGR) by 17.11–92.85%, with no significant increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1.”
t0“Nitrogen Fertilization Improve Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat?”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter translocation efficiency was not significantly correlated with grain yield.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Comparator
- dry matter translocation efficiency (DTE)e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant correlation was observed between the dry matter translocation efficiency (DTE) and wheat grain yield.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Insufficient and excessive nitrogen favored vegetative over reproductive growth, lowering nitrogen-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- insufficient and excessive N applicationse0
- Outcome
- N-use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- imbalanced N distribution favoring vegetative growth over reproductive growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both insufficient and excessive N applications resulted in an imbalanced N distribution favoring vegetative growth over reproductive growth, thus negatively impacting N-use efficiency.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity by 52.04–129.98%, with no further rise above 105 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N-fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- N accumulation amount (NAA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52.04–129.98%e0
- Qualifier
- no further increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-fertilized treatments significantly increased the two-year average N accumulation amount (NAA) by 52.04–129.98%, with no further increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization improved nitrogen translocation efficiency by 56.89–63.80%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N translocation efficiency (NTE)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 56.89–63.80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization also improved the two-year average N translocation efficiency (NTE) by 56.89–63.80%”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization improved vegetative-organ nitrogen contribution by 27.79–57.83%, peaking at N52.5.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative organse0
- Treatment
- lower-N treatment (N52.5)e0
- Outcome
- N contribution proportion (NCP)e0
- Direction
- peakinge0
- Value
- 27.79–57.83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N contribution proportion (NCP) of wheat vegetative organs by 27.79–57.83%, peaking in the lower-N treatment (N52.5).”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N210 increased soil nitrate accumulation by 26.27% in 2018.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high-N treatment (N210)e0
- Outcome
- NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.27%e0
- Qualifier
- 2018e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-N treatment (N210) led to an increase in NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layer, with an increase of 26.27% in 2018 and 122.44% in 2019.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N210 increased soil nitrate accumulation by 122.44% in 2019.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high-N treatment (N210)e0
- Outcome
- NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 122.44%e0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-N treatment (N210) led to an increase in NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layer, with an increase of 26.27% in 2018 and 122.44% in 2019.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater soil nitrate accumulation lowered NHI, NUE, NAE, NPFP and NMB.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- soil NO3-Ne0
- Outcome
- NHI, NUE, NAE, NPFP, and NMBe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This higher soil NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm layer decreased NHI, NUE, NAE, NPFP, and NMB.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization reduced nitrogen harvest index by 9.89–12.85%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9.89–12.85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization significantly reduced the two-year average N harvest index (NHI) by 9.89–12.85%”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization reduced nitrogen utilization efficiency by 11.14–20.79%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Outcome
- N utilization efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 11.14–20.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N utilization efficiency (NUE) by 11.14–20.79%, both decreasing with higher N application rates.”
t0“Nitrogen Fertilization Improve Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat?”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen accumulation ranked anthesis above maturity above jointing.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesis > maturity > jointinge0
- Outcome
- NAAe0
- Direction
- anthesis > maturity > jointinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NAA followed the trend of anthesis > maturity > jointing.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 105 kg N ha−1 nitrogen agronomic efficiency peaked at 9.31 kg kg−1.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 105 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- N agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.31 kg kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 105 kg N ha−1 rate, the highest N agronomic efficiency (NAE) (9.31 kg kg−1), N recovery efficiency (NRE) (38.32%), and N marginal benefit (NMB) (10.67 kg kg−1) were observed.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 105 kg N ha−1 nitrogen recovery efficiency peaked at 38.32%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 105 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency (NRE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 38.32%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 105 kg N ha−1 rate, the highest N agronomic efficiency (NAE) (9.31 kg kg−1), N recovery efficiency (NRE) (38.32%), and N marginal benefit (NMB) (10.67 kg kg−1) were observed.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 105 kg N ha−1 nitrogen marginal benefit peaked at 10.67 kg kg−1.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 105 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- N marginal benefit (NMB)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 10.67 kg kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 105 kg N ha−1 rate, the highest N agronomic efficiency (NAE) (9.31 kg kg−1), N recovery efficiency (NRE) (38.32%), and N marginal benefit (NMB) (10.67 kg kg−1) were observed.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher dry matter and nitrogen translocation amounts reduced NHI and NUE.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dry matter translocation amount (DTA) and N translocation amount (NTA)e0
- Outcome
- NHI and NUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher dry matter translocation amount (DTA) and N translocation amount (NTA) reduced NHI and NUE”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen translocation efficiency improved NHI, NUE and NPFP.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NTEe0
- Outcome
- NHI, NUE, and N partial factor productivity (NPFP)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher NTE improved NHI, NUE, and N partial factor productivity (NPFP).”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude nitrogen fertilization enhanced wheat nitrogen use through nitrogen rather than dry matter translocation.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N-use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- improving N translocation rather than dry matter translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization enhanced N-use efficiency in spring wheat by improving N translocation rather than dry matter translocation.”
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