Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a serious environmental threat to living organisms. Nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth regulators are able to mitigate Cd toxicity and restore crop growth in heavy metals-contaminated soils. However, the synergistic potential of combining 24-epibrassinosteroid (24-epiBRs) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) to alleviate Cd toxicity and restore soybean ( Glycine max L.) production remains unexplored. Thus, a pot-based experimental trial was conducted to assess the effects of applying TiO 2 -NPs (15 mg L −1 ) and 24-epiBRs (10 −7 M), individually and in combination, on soybean growth in soil cultivated with 30 ppm of Cd. The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control. Additionally, the toxicity of Cd enhanced the oxidative stress and lowered the photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristics, and antioxidant defense system of soybeans. Interestingly, the combined application of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs ameliorated the Cd toxic effects and improved the agronomic traits, photosynthesis efficiency, and antioxidant activity in soybeans by lowering oxidative stress. Specifically, the dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPs effectively lowered the Cd levels in roots, shoots, and leaves of soybean plants by 62.5, 162.7, and 87.1 %, respectively, relative to the control soybean plants grown under Cd stress. Overall, the combined treatment of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs synergistically reduced Cd uptake and restored soybean physiology in Cd-contaminated soils. Moving forward, further research should include field trials to assess the effectiveness and economic viability of this novel method. • TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs mitigated Cd toxicity in soybean plants grown in contaminated soil. • The combined application demonstrated the synergistic and positive effects in reducing Cd uptake by soybean plants. • Treatments generally improved the morphological traits and photosynthetic activity under Cd stress. • The antioxidant capacities of soybeans were enhanced by TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs application. • This is a novel approach for managing agriculture in heavy metal-polluted soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean root length by 11.0 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 11.0 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean root dry biomass by 63.5 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- root dry biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 63.5 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean root fresh biomass by 84.9 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- root fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 84.9 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean shoot length by 11.7 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 11.7 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean shoot dry biomass by 49.0 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- shoot dry biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 49.0 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity inhibited soybean shoot fresh biomass by 27.3 % versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 27.3 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed that Cd toxicity significantly inhibited soybean root length (11.0 %), root dry biomass (63.5 %), root fresh biomass (84.9 %), shoot length (11.7 %), shoot dry biomass (49.0 %), and shoot fresh biomass (27.3 %), compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity enhanced soybean oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, the toxicity of Cd enhanced the oxidative stress and lowered the photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristics, and antioxidant defense system of soybeans.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity lowered soybean photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristics.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, the toxicity of Cd enhanced the oxidative stress and lowered the photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristics, and antioxidant defense system of soybeans.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity lowered soybean antioxidant defense system.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense systeme0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, the toxicity of Cd enhanced the oxidative stress and lowered the photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange characteristics, and antioxidant defense system of soybeans.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs improved soybean agronomic traits and photosynthesis efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combined application of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRse0
- Outcome
- agronomic traits, photosynthesis efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interestingly, the combined application of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs ameliorated the Cd toxic effects and improved the agronomic traits, photosynthesis efficiency, and antioxidant activity in soybeans by lowering oxidative stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment improved antioxidant activity by lowering oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combined application of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- lowering oxidative stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interestingly, the combined application of TiO 2 -NPs and 24-epiBRs ameliorated the Cd toxic effects and improved the agronomic traits, photosynthesis efficiency, and antioxidant activity in soybeans by lowering oxidative stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual treatment lowered Cd levels in soybean roots by 62.5.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPse0
- Outcome
- Cd levelse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 62.5e0
- Comparator
- control soybean plants grown under Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPs effectively lowered the Cd levels in roots, shoots, and leaves of soybean plants by 62.5, 162.7, and 87.1 %, respectively, relative to the control soybean plants grown under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual treatment lowered Cd levels in soybean shoots by 162.7.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPse0
- Outcome
- Cd levelse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 162.7e0
- Comparator
- control soybean plants grown under Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPs effectively lowered the Cd levels in roots, shoots, and leaves of soybean plants by 62.5, 162.7, and 87.1 %, respectively, relative to the control soybean plants grown under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual treatment lowered Cd levels in soybean leaves by 87.1 %.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPse0
- Outcome
- Cd levelse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 87.1 %e0
- Comparator
- control soybean plants grown under Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the dual application of 24-epiBRs and TiO 2 -NPs effectively lowered the Cd levels in roots, shoots, and leaves of soybean plants by 62.5, 162.7, and 87.1 %, respectively, relative to the control soybean plants grown under Cd stress.”
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