Abstract
Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production, necessitating the development of effective strategies to improve growth and yield in such conditions. This study investigates the individual and combined effects of the plant probiotic bacterium Brevibacterium sediminis (Bs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 , NPs) on soybean plants subjected to drought stress. The experimental design included two primary factors: Factor A (water treatment) with i) well-watered conditions at 80 % of field capacity (FC) and ii) drought conditions at 40 % of FC, and Factor B consisting of six treatments: i) control (no treatment), ii) foliar application of 200 ppm TiO 2 NPs, iii) foliar application of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs, iv) seed priming with Bs, v) seed priming with Bs and 200 ppm TiO 2 NPs (Bs + 200 ppm TiO 2 NPs), and vi) seed priming with Bs and 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs (Bs + 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs). The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Our findings indicate that both TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , whether applied individually or in combination, significantly enhanced growth, physiological parameters, yield, and seed protein content in drought-stressed soybean plants compared to untreated control. The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions. Additionally, compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively. Correspondingly, levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 28.48 % and 58.53 %, respectively compared to untreated drought conditions. These results collectively suggest that the foliar application of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs, in conjunction with seed priming using B. sediminis , significantly enhances soybean productivity under drought conditions. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms that underpin these beneficial and synergistic effects of TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis in soybean cultivation under water-limited environments.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Both TiO2 NPs and B. sediminis, individually or combined, significantly enhanced growth, physiological parameters, yield and seed protein content in drought-stressed soybean relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- both TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise1
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth, physiological parameters, yield, and seed protein contente1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e1“both TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , whether applied individually or in combination, significantly enhanced growth, physiological parameters, yield, and seed protein content in drought-stressed soybean plants compared to untreated control”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination increased plant height by 30.70% relative to untreated drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 30.70 %e2
- Comparator
- untreated drought conditionse2
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination increased total plant dry weight by 83.46% relative to untreated drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- total plant dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 83.46 %e2
- Comparator
- untreated drought conditionse2
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved relative water content by 43.42% relative to untreated drought-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 43.42 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved photosynthetic rate by 17.89%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 17.89 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved total chlorophyll levels by 55.23%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll levelse3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 55.23 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved membrane stability index by 45.04%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 45.04 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved proline by 47.89%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 47.89 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved antioxidant activity (DPPH) by 66.63%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity (DPPH)e3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 66.63 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved seed yield by 74.39%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 74.39 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination improved seed protein content by 11.14%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- seed protein contente3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 11.14 %e3
- Comparator
- untreated drought stressed soybean plantse3
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e3“compared to untreated drought stressed soybean plants, this combined treatment improved relative water content, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll levels, membrane stability index, proline, antioxidant activity (DPPH), seed yield, and seed protein content by 43.42 %, 17.89 %, 55.23 %, 45.04 %, 47.89 %, 66.63 %, 74.39 %, and 11.14 %, respectively”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination decreased malondialdehyde by 28.48% relative to untreated drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 28.48 %e4
- Comparator
- untreated drought conditionse4
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e4“Correspondingly, levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 28.48 % and 58.53 %, respectively compared to untreated drought conditions”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
The 400 ppm TiO2 NPs plus B. sediminis combination decreased hydrogen peroxide by 58.53% relative to untreated drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminise2
- Interactor
- B. sediminisBrevibacterium sediminise2symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 58.53 %e4
- Comparator
- untreated drought conditionse4
- Setting
- polyhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress poses a significant challenge to soybean ( Glycine max ) production”
e2“The most pronounced effects were observed with the combination treatment of 400 ppm TiO 2 NPs and B. sediminis , resulting in increases of 30.70 % in plant height and 83.46 % in total plant dry weight compared to untreated drought conditions”
e4“Correspondingly, levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 28.48 % and 58.53 %, respectively compared to untreated drought conditions”
e5“The pot experiment was conducted under a polyhouse”
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See all 19 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.