Abstract
The optimization of plant density plays a crucial role in cotton production, and deficit irrigation, as a water-saving measure, has been widely adopted in arid regions. However, regulatory mechanisms governing nitrogen absorption, transportation, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cotton under deficit irrigation and high plant density remain unclear. To clarify the mechanisms of N uptake and NUE of cotton, the main plots were subjected to three irrigation amounts based on field capacity (Fc): (315 [W1, 0.5 Fc], 405 [W2, 0.75 Fc, farmers’ irrigation practice], and 495 mm [W3, 1.0 Fc]). Subplots were planted and applied at three densities: (13.5 [M1], 18.0 [M2, farmers’ planting practice], and 22.5 [M3] plants m−2). The results revealed that under low-irrigation conditions, the cotton yield was 5.1% lower than that under the farmer’s irrigation practice. In all plant densities and years, the nitrogen uptake of cotton increased significantly with the increase in irrigation. However, excessive irrigation resulted in nitrogen accumulation and migration, mainly concentrated in the vegetative organs of cotton, which reduced the NUE by 9.2% compared with that under farmers’ irrigation practice. Concerning the interaction between irrigation and plant density, under low irrigation, the nitrogen uptake of high-density planting was higher, and the yield of seed cotton was only 2.9% lower than that of the control (the interaction effect of farmers’ irrigation × plant density), but the NUE was increased by 10.9%. Notably, with the increase in irrigation amount, the soil nitrate nitrogen at the 0–40 cm soil layer decreased, and high irrigation amounts would lead to the transfer of soil nitrate nitrogen to deep soil. With the increase in plant density, the rate of nitrogen uptake and the amount of nitrogen uptake increased, which significantly reduced the soil nitrate nitrogen content. In conclusion, deficit irrigation and high plant density can improve cotton yield and NUE. We anticipate that these findings will facilitate optimized agricultural management in areas with limited water.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation reduced cotton yield by 5.1% versus farmer irrigation.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- low-irrigation conditionse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 5.1%e0
- Comparator
- farmer’s irrigation practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low-irrigation conditions, the cotton yield was 5.1% lower than that under the farmer’s irrigation practice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake significantly increased with irrigation across densities and years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increase in irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all plant densities and yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all plant densities and years, the nitrogen uptake of cotton increased significantly with the increase in irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation concentrated nitrogen accumulation and migration in vegetative organs.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative organse0
- Treatment
- excessive irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation and migratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive irrigation resulted in nitrogen accumulation and migration, mainly concentrated in the vegetative organs of cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation reduced NUE by 9.2% versus farmer irrigation.
- Treatment
- excessive irrigatione0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9.2%e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ irrigation practicee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“However, excessive irrigation resulted in nitrogen accumulation and migration, mainly concentrated in the vegetative organs of cotton, which reduced the NUE by 9.2% compared with that under farmers’ irrigation practice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low irrigation, high planting density increased nitrogen uptake.
- Treatment
- high-density plantinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under low irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“under low irrigation, the nitrogen uptake of high-density planting was higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low irrigation and high density, seed cotton yield was 2.9% below control.
Verbatim
e0“under low irrigation, the nitrogen uptake of high-density planting was higher, and the yield of seed cotton was only 2.9% lower than that of the control (the interaction effect of farmers’ irrigation × plant density)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low irrigation and high density, NUE increased 10.9%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“under low irrigation, the nitrogen uptake of high-density planting was higher, and the yield of seed cotton was only 2.9% lower than that of the control (the interaction effect of farmers’ irrigation × plant density), but the NUE was increased by 10.9%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate nitrogen at 0–40 cm decreased with increasing irrigation.
- Treatment
- increase in irrigation amounte0
- Outcome
- soil nitrate nitrogene0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 0–40 cm soil layere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“with the increase in irrigation amount, the soil nitrate nitrogen at the 0–40 cm soil layer decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
High irrigation transferred soil nitrate nitrogen to deeper soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“high irrigation amounts would lead to the transfer of soil nitrate nitrogen to deep soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing density raised nitrogen uptake rate and amount.
- Treatment
- increase in plant densitye0
- Outcome
- rate of nitrogen uptake and the amount of nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“With the increase in plant density, the rate of nitrogen uptake and the amount of nitrogen uptake increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing density significantly lowered soil nitrate nitrogen content.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“With the increase in plant density, the rate of nitrogen uptake and the amount of nitrogen uptake increased, which significantly reduced the soil nitrate nitrogen content.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that deficit irrigation with high density can improve cotton yield and NUE.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigation and high plant densitye0
- Outcome
- cotton yield and NUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation and high plant density can improve cotton yield and NUE.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.