Abstract
An effective method for maintaining the activity and longevity of microorganisms in adverse conditions is microencapsulation. In the present study, synthetic alginate pellets were developed as carriers for the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum . In two field experiments, solarization was applied for three weeks to loamy clay soil that was naturally infested with strawberry-black root rot fungi ( Fusarium solani , Rhizoctonia solani and Machrophomina phaseolina ). Following solarization, T. asperellum -based alginate pellets or spore suspension were added to the soil. Data reveal that, three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature reached by 11–14.2 °C (1–10 cm depth), 11.6–13.1 °C (11–20 cm depth) and 10.1–12.2 °C (21–30 cm depth). In either trial, solarization also successfully lowers the vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungi directly after the solarization phase. When compared to controls, strawberry-black root rot was substantially less common in solarized plots. In two field trials, soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum led to the greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %) and severity (72.5 and 75.2 %), as compared to un-solarized control plots. In vivo studies, this treatment dramatically increased the activity of defensive enzymes (peroxidase and chitinase) and strawberry yield (60.5 and 60.0 %, respectively), as compared to non-solarized control plots. In two field studies, the rhizosphere population of native Trichoderma spp. Developed more in solarized soils after the application of alginate pellets based on T. asperellum (86.5 and 83.6 %, respectively), compared to the non-solarized control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Three weeks of solarization of irrigated soil raised the maximum soil temperature by 11–14.2 °C at 1–10 cm depth.
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11–14.2 °Ce1
- Qualifier
- 1–10 cm depthe1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature”
e1“11–14.2 °C (1–10 cm depth)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three weeks of solarization of irrigated soil raised the maximum soil temperature by 11.6–13.1 °C at 11–20 cm depth.
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.6–13.1 °Ce1
- Qualifier
- 11–20 cm depthe1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature”
e1“11.6–13.1 °C (11–20 cm depth)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three weeks of solarization of irrigated soil raised the maximum soil temperature by 10.1–12.2 °C at 21–30 cm depth.
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.1–12.2 °Ce1
- Qualifier
- 21–30 cm depthe1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature”
e1“10.1–12.2 °C (21–30 cm depth)”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization lowered the vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungi directly after the solarization phase.
- Taxon
- strawberry-black root rot fungie0
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Interactor
- strawberry-black root rot fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungie0
- Direction
- lowerse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“solarization also successfully lowers the vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungi directly after the solarization phase”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry black root rot was substantially less common in solarized plots than in controls.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- solarized plotse0
- Outcome
- strawberry-black root rote0
- Direction
- less commone0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“When compared to controls, strawberry-black root rot was substantially less common in solarized plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solarization followed by T. asperellum alginate pellets gave the greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %) compared with un-solarized control plots.
- Treatment
- soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellume0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- black root rot incidencee1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 59.3 and 74.1 %e1
- Comparator
- un-solarized control plotse2
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum”
e1“greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %)”
e2“un-solarized control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solarization followed by T. asperellum alginate pellets gave the greatest reductions in black root rot severity (72.5 and 75.2 %) compared with un-solarized control plots.
- Treatment
- soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellume0
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 72.5 and 75.2 %e1
- Comparator
- un-solarized control plotse2
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum”
e1“greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %) and severity (72.5 and 75.2 %)”
e2“un-solarized control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
The solarization plus T. asperellum pellet treatment dramatically increased the activity of the defensive enzymes peroxidase and chitinase compared with non-solarized control plots.
- Treatment
- soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellume2
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- activity of defensive enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- peroxidase and chitinasee0
- Comparator
- non-solarized control plotse1
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment dramatically increased the activity of defensive enzymes (peroxidase and chitinase)”
e1“as compared to non-solarized control plots”
e2“soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum”
Claim · model-written summary
The solarization plus T. asperellum pellet treatment raised strawberry yield by 60.5 and 60.0 % compared with non-solarized control plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellume2
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- strawberry yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 60.5 and 60.0 %e0
- Comparator
- non-solarized control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry yield (60.5 and 60.0 %, respectively)”
e1“as compared to non-solarized control plots”
e2“soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum”
e3“this treatment dramatically increased”
Claim · model-written summary
After application of T. asperellum alginate pellets, the rhizosphere population of native Trichoderma spp. developed more in solarized soils (86.5 and 83.6 %) than in the non-solarized control.
Verbatim
e0“the rhizosphere population of native Trichoderma spp. Developed more in solarized soils after the application of alginate pellets based on T. asperellum (86.5 and 83.6 %, respectively), compared to the non-solarized control”
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