Abstract
In recent years, an increase of collapsed and dead strawberry plants has been observed in several fields in central Chile, specifically in San Pedro, Melipilla, an important area for strawberry cultivation in the country. To determine the causal agent of the disease and the extent of the problem, 25 sample sites of 1 ha each, distributed in different San Pedro zones, were surveyed at the end of the 2011 season (from December 2010 to February 2011). Cross sections of the crowns of symptomatic strawberry plants showed necrotic tissue and brown-red to dark brown areas on the vascular ring. Samples of the affected crowns were superficially disinfested and plated on potato dextrose agar with 200 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. Dark gray colonies were observed after 7 days of incubation at 24°C. Pure cultures of the pathogen showed aerial mycelium and abundant dark oblong sclerotia. Fifty sclerotia were measured, averaging 120 × 74 μm. Twenty-one isolates were identified molecularly utilizing the species specific primers MpKFI and MpKRI (2) that yielded a 350-bp fragment. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced and BLAST analysis showed a 99% nucleotide sequence identity with Macrophomina phaseolina (GeneBank Accession No JX535007.1). Both morphological and molecular analyses confirmed that the isolated species corresponded to M. phaseolina, causal agent of crown and root rot in strawberry. Four representative isolates were selected to conduct pathogenicity tests. Inoculum was prepared by incubating the pathogen for 28 days at 20°C in sterilized oat seeds. Pots of 1.5 liters were filled with a mixed substrate of peat and perlite (2:1), amended with inoculated oats at 9 g per liter of substrate. 'Camarosa' strawberry plants were planted and grown in a glasshouse for 1 month. Six replicated plants per isolate and six plants growing on non-inoculated substrate were left as controls. Ninety-five percent of the inoculated plants showed wilt and collapse symptoms 22 days after transplant, whereas no symptoms were observed in the control plants. M. phaseolina was reisolated from the crowns of symptomatic plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic strawberry plants in 14 of the 25 sampled sites. Although M. phaseolina was described previously on other crops in Chile, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. phaseolina causing crown rot of strawberry. The disease has been recently reported in Spain, the United States, and Argentina (1,3,4). References: (1) M. Avilés et al. Plant Pathol. 57:382, 2008. (2) B. Babu et al. Mycologia 99:797, 2007. (3) O. Baino et al. Plant Dis. 95:1477, 2011. (4) S. Koike. Plant Dis. 92:1253, 2008.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic strawberry crowns had necrotic tissue and brown-red to dark brown vascular-ring areas.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Organ / stage
- crownse0
- Outcome
- necrotic tissue and brown-red to dark brown areas on the vascular ringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cross sections of the crowns of symptomatic strawberry plants showed necrotic tissue and brown-red to dark brown areas on the vascular ring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological and molecular analyses identified M. phaseolina as the strawberry crown-rot pathogen.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Outcome
- causal agent of crown and root rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both morphological and molecular analyses confirmed that the isolated species corresponded to M. phaseolina, causal agent of crown and root rot in strawberry.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ninety-five percent of inoculated strawberry plants developed wilt and collapse, while controls had no symptoms.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- Camarosae0
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Interactor
- pathogene2pathogen
- Outcome
- wilt and collapse symptomse1
- Value
- Ninety-five percente1
- Qualifier
- 22 days after transplante1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Camarosa' strawberry plants were planted and grown in a glasshouse for 1 month.”
e1“Ninety-five percent of the inoculated plants showed wilt and collapse symptoms 22 days after transplant, whereas no symptoms were observed in the control plants.”
e2“Inoculum was prepared by incubating the pathogen for 28 days at 20°C in sterilized oat seeds.”
e3“Four representative isolates were selected to conduct pathogenicity tests.”
Claim · model-written summary
M. phaseolina was reisolated from symptomatic strawberry crowns.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. phaseolina was reisolated from the crowns of symptomatic plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. phaseolina was reisolated from the crowns of symptomatic plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen was recovered from strawberry plants in 14 of 25 sampled sites.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen was isolated from symptomatic strawberry plantse0
- Value
- 14 of the 25 sampled sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic strawberry plants in 14 of the 25 sampled sites.”
e1“Both morphological and molecular analyses confirmed that the isolated species corresponded to M. phaseolina, causal agent of crown and root rot in strawberry.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
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