Abstract
Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has previously been reported to trigger plant tolerance against a variety of environmental stresses. The present study was planned to investigate the possible role/s of exogenously applied SNP (50 or 100 μM) in alleviating cadmium (Cd)-induced effects on physio-biochemical processes, yield attributes, and grain quality traits of three fragrant rice cultivars, viz., Meixiangzhan-2 (MXZ), Guixiangzhan (GXZ), and Xiangyaxiangzhan (XYXZ) under 50 mg Cd kg−1 of soil. The results revealed that foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM) on Cd-stressed rice plants reduced oxidative stress (lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)) and improved the photosynthetic apparatus through higher chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and intact chloroplast configurations, and reduced Cd concentration in the leaves and grains of aromatic rice cultivars. The reduced levels of cellular ROS, MDA, and EL were related to the endogenous NO-mediated improvement in the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and those involved during the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. However, among the different SNP levels, the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively, suggesting that GXZ is more responsive to SNP than MXZ and XYXZ fragrant rice cultivars. Collectively, our results deduced that cultivating the GXZ fragrant rice cultivar along with foliar application of 50 μM of SNP could sustain the grain yield and quality features of aromatic rice cultivation in heavy metal (especially Cd)-polluted soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced oxidative stress indicators in cadmium stressed rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM)e0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM) on Cd-stressed rice plants reduced oxidative stress (lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL))”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP raised chlorophyll and gas exchange attributes in cadmium stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM) on Cd-stressed rice plants reduced oxidative stress (lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)) and improved the photosynthetic apparatus through higher chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and intact chloroplast configurations”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP maintained intact chloroplast configurations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM)e0
- Outcome
- intact chloroplast configurationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM) on Cd-stressed rice plants reduced oxidative stress (lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)) and improved the photosynthetic apparatus through higher chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and intact chloroplast configurations”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP reduced cadmium concentration in leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM)e0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the leaves and grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of SNP (50 or 100 μM) on Cd-stressed rice plants reduced oxidative stress (lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)) and improved the photosynthetic apparatus through higher chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and intact chloroplast configurations, and reduced Cd concentration in the leaves and grains of aromatic rice cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower ROS, MDA and EL were related to NO mediated antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- NOe0
- Outcome
- levels of cellular ROS, MDA, and ELe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- improvement in the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and those involved during the ascorbate–glutathione cyclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduced levels of cellular ROS, MDA, and EL were related to the endogenous NO-mediated improvement in the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and those involved during the ascorbate–glutathione cycle.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 μM SNP treatment was best for fragrant rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- best treatment for fragrant rice growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased MXZ grain yield by 42.06%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- MXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased GXZ grain yield by 46.03%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- GXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.03%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased XYXZ grain yield by 31.21%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- XYXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased MXZ 2-AP content by 43.12%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- MXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43.12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased GXZ 2-AP content by 55.84%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- GXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55.84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased XYXZ 2-AP content by 35.72%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- XYXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar spraying of 50 μM of SNP was recorded to be the best treatment for fragrant rice growth, which increased grain yield by 42.06%, 46.03%, and 31.21%, and the quality trait of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content by 43.12%, 55.84%, and 35.72% in MXZ, GXZ, and XYXZ respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GXZ was more responsive to SNP than MXZ and XYXZ.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- GXZe0
- Outcome
- responsive to SNPe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- MXZ and XYXZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that GXZ is more responsive to SNP than MXZ and XYXZ fragrant rice cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend GXZ with 50 μM SNP in cadmium polluted soils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- GXZe0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Outcome
- cultivating the GXZ fragrant rice cultivar along with foliar application of 50 μM of SNPe0
- Setting
- heavy metal (especially Cd)-polluted soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivating the GXZ fragrant rice cultivar along with foliar application of 50 μM of SNP could sustain the grain yield and quality features of aromatic rice cultivation in heavy metal (especially Cd)-polluted soils.”
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See all 691 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.