Abstract
Crops are frequently encountered with abiotic stresses, and salinity is a prime factor that suppresses plant growth and crop productivity, globally. Ursolic acid (UA) is a potential signaling molecule that alters physiology, biochemical processes and activates defense mechanism in numerous animal models; however, effects of UA in plants under stress conditions and underlying mechanism of stress alleviation have not been explored yet. This study examined the effects of foliar application of UA (100 μM) to mitigate salt stress in three rice cultivars (HZ, 712 and HAY). A pot experiment was conducted in a climate-controlled greenhouse with different salt stress treatments. The results indicated that exposure of NaCl induced salinity reduces growth of rice cultivars by damaging chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast, particularly at higher stress level. Application of UA alleviated adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2, O2-) and stimulating activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (APX, CAT, POD, GR, GSH, AsA, proline, glycinebutane), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, LOX, EL). Furthermore, UA application brought about a significant increase in the concentration of leaf nitric oxide (NO) by modulating the expression of NR and NOS enzymes. It seems that UA application also influenced Na+ efflux and maintained lower cytosolic Na+/ K+ ratio via concomitant up-regulation of OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5 in rice cultivars. The results of pharmacological tests have shown that supply of NO scavenger (PTI) completely reversed the UA induced salt tolerance in rice cultivars by quenching endogenous NO and triggering oxidative stress, Na+ uptake and lipid peroxidation. The PTI application with UA and sodium nitoprusside (SNP) also caused growth retardation and a significant increase in Na+ uptake and oxidative stress in rice cultivars. This suggests that UA promoted salt tolerance of rice cultivars by triggering NO production, limiting toxic ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These results revealed that both UA and NO are together required to develop a salt tolerance response in the rice.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl salinity reduced rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice cultivars
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- NaCl induced salinitye0
- Outcome
- growth of rice cultivarse0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Qualifier
- particularly at higher stress levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure of NaCl induced salinity reduces growth of rice cultivars by damaging chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast, particularly at higher stress level”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl salinity damaged chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NaCl induced salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll pigment and chloroplaste0
- Direction
- damaginge0
- Qualifier
- particularly at higher stress levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure of NaCl induced salinity reduces growth of rice cultivars by damaging chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast, particularly at higher stress level”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid suppressed oxidative stress markers in salt-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of UAe0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress (H2O2, O2-)e0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
- Qualifier
- salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of UA alleviated adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2, O2-) and stimulating activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (APX, CAT, POD, GR, GSH, AsA, proline, glycinebutane), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, LOX, EL).”
t0“in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid stimulated antioxidant activities in salt-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of UAe0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (APX, CAT, POD, GR, GSH, AsA, proline, glycinebutane)e0
- Direction
- stimulatinge0
- Qualifier
- salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of UA alleviated adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2, O2-) and stimulating activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (APX, CAT, POD, GR, GSH, AsA, proline, glycinebutane), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, LOX, EL).”
t0“in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid protected cell membrane integrity in salt-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of UAe0
- Outcome
- cell membrane integrity (MDA, LOX, EL)e0
- Direction
- protectinge0
- Qualifier
- salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of UA alleviated adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2, O2-) and stimulating activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (APX, CAT, POD, GR, GSH, AsA, proline, glycinebutane), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, LOX, EL).”
t0“in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid significantly increased leaf nitric oxide in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- UA applicatione0
- Gene
- NR and NOS enzymese0
- Outcome
- concentration of leaf nitric oxide (NO)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UA application brought about a significant increase in the concentration of leaf nitric oxide (NO) by modulating the expression of NR and NOS enzymes”
t0“in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid modulated NR and NOS enzyme expression in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UA applicatione0
- Gene
- NR and NOS enzymese0
- Outcome
- expression of NR and NOS enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UA application brought about a significant increase in the concentration of leaf nitric oxide (NO) by modulating the expression of NR and NOS enzymes”
t0“in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid influenced sodium efflux in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UA applicatione0
- Gene
- OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5e0
- Outcome
- Na+ effluxe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UA application also influenced Na+ efflux and maintained lower cytosolic Na+/ K+ ratio via concomitant up-regulation of OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5 in rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid maintained a lower cytosolic sodium to potassium ratio in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UA applicatione0
- Gene
- OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5e0
- Outcome
- cytosolic Na+/ K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UA application also influenced Na+ efflux and maintained lower cytosolic Na+/ K+ ratio via concomitant up-regulation of OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5 in rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid upregulated OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5 in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UA applicatione0
- Gene
- OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5e0
- Outcome
- OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5e0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UA application also influenced Na+ efflux and maintained lower cytosolic Na+/ K+ ratio via concomitant up-regulation of OsSOS1 and OsHKT1;5 in rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
A nitric oxide scavenger reversed ursolic-acid-induced salt tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NO scavenger (PTI)e0
- Outcome
- UA induced salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supply of NO scavenger (PTI) completely reversed the UA induced salt tolerance in rice cultivars by quenching endogenous NO and triggering oxidative stress, Na+ uptake and lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
A nitric oxide scavenger quenched endogenous nitric oxide in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NO scavenger (PTI)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous NOe0
- Direction
- quenchinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supply of NO scavenger (PTI) completely reversed the UA induced salt tolerance in rice cultivars by quenching endogenous NO and triggering oxidative stress, Na+ uptake and lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
A nitric oxide scavenger triggered oxidative stress, sodium uptake and lipid peroxidation in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NO scavenger (PTI)e0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress, Na+ uptake and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- triggeringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supply of NO scavenger (PTI) completely reversed the UA induced salt tolerance in rice cultivars by quenching endogenous NO and triggering oxidative stress, Na+ uptake and lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PTI, ursolic acid and sodium nitroprusside retarded rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PTI application with UA and sodium nitoprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- growth retardatione0
- Direction
- retardatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PTI application with UA and sodium nitoprusside (SNP) also caused growth retardation and a significant increase in Na+ uptake and oxidative stress in rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PTI, ursolic acid and sodium nitroprusside significantly increased sodium uptake and oxidative stress in rice.
- Taxon
- rice cultivarsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PTI application with UA and sodium nitoprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- Na+ uptake and oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PTI application with UA and sodium nitoprusside (SNP) also caused growth retardation and a significant increase in Na+ uptake and oxidative stress in rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ursolic acid and nitric oxide together are required for rice salt tolerance, according to the authors.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UA and NOe0
- Outcome
- salt tolerance responsee0
- Qualifier
- together requirede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both UA and NO are together required to develop a salt tolerance response in the rice”
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