Abstract
Studies are being conducted to develop strategies to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the interactive effects of salinity stress with biochar on plant growth—the physiological and biochemical attributes of forage peas ( Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.). Salt applications were carried out with irrigation water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three applications [control: 0 (B 0 ), 2.5% biochar (B 1 ), and 5% biochar (B 2 )], five salt doses [0 (S 0 ), 25 (S 1 ), 50 (S 2 ), 75 (S 3 ), and 100 (S 4 ) mM NaCl], and three replications, arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1 . The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B 1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments. A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels. Specifically, lower H 2 O 2 , MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B 0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels. Furthermore, in the study, it was observed that the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B 0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels. There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels. The findings of the study indicate that biochar amendment can enhance forage peas’ growth by modulating the plant physiology and biochemistry under salt stress. Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application. Therefore, application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 2.5% biochar (B 1) gave the highest plant height in forage pea seedlings, 18.75 cm.
- Taxon
- forage peae1
- Treatment
- application of B 1e1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 18.75 cme1
- Qualifier
- In the salt-stressed environmente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, biochar B 1 gave the highest stem diameter in forage pea seedlings, 1.71 mm.
- Taxon
- forage peae1
- Treatment
- application of B 1e1
- Outcome
- stem diametere1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.71 mme1
- Qualifier
- In the salt-stressed environmente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar B 1 gave the highest root fresh weight in forage pea seedlings, 0.59 g/plant, in non-saline and saline environments.
- Taxon
- forage peae1
- Treatment
- B 1 applicatione2
- Outcome
- root freshe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 0.59 g/plante2
- Qualifier
- both in non-saline and saline environmentse2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e2“The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B 1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar B 1 gave the highest root dry weight in forage pea seedlings, 0.36 g/plant, in non-saline and saline environments.
- Taxon
- forage peae1
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Treatment
- B 1 applicatione2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 0.36 g/plante2
- Qualifier
- both in non-saline and saline environmentse2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e2“The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B 1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage pea plant chlorophyll content decreased as salt levels increased.
- Taxon
- forage pea plantse3
- Treatment
- increasing salt levelse3
- Outcome
- plant chlorophyll contente3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar applications lowered H2O2, MDA and proline content at all salt levels relative to the B 0 application.
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e4“lower H 2 O 2 , MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B 0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application lowered CAT, POD and SOD enzyme activities at all salt levels relative to the B 0 application.
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e5“CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B 0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant mineral content decreased significantly as salt levels increased, excluding Cl and Na.
- Taxon
- forage pea plantse3
- Treatment
- increasing salt levelse6
- Outcome
- plant mineral contente6
- Direction
- decreasee6
- Qualifier
- excluding Cl and Nae6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels”
e6“There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Between 2.5% and 5% biochar there was no significant difference in plant growth parameters.
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e7“Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended for forage pea under salinity.
Verbatim
e1“In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B 1”
e0“application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended”
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