Abstract
Contamination of soils with heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), is an increasingly alarming environmental issue around the world. Application of organic and inorganic immobilizing amendments such as biochar and gravel sand in combination with metal-tolerant microbes has the potential to minimize the bioavailability of Cd to plants. The present study was designed to identify the possible additive effects of the application of Enterobacter sp. MN17 as well as biochar and gravel sand on the reduction of Cd stress in plants and improvement of growth and nutritional quality of pea (Pisum sativum) plants through the reduction of Cd uptake. Pea seeds were surface sterilized then non-inoculated seeds and seeds inoculated with Enterobacter sp. MN17 were planted in artificially Cd-polluted soil, amended with the immobilizing agents biochar and gravel sand. Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots. However, microbial inoculation further enhanced the overall plant health as well as alleviated the toxic effects of Cd on the pea plants. These soil treatments also improved rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil. Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combined application of biochar and gravel sand, particularly in combination with Enterobacter sp. MN17, could be an efficient strategy for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil. It could support better growth and nutritional quality of pea plants.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gravel sand treatments improved pea growth.
- Taxon
- pea plants
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- biochar and gravel sande0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gravel sand treatments improved pea nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- biochar and gravel sande0
- Outcome
- nutritional qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gravel sand treatments reduced pea uptake of Cd.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- biochar and gravel sande0
- Outcome
- uptake of Cde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and gravel sand treatments reduced pea transport to shoots.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- biochar and gravel sande0
- Outcome
- transport to shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and gravel sand alone and in combination not only improved the growth and nutritional quality of pea plants by in situ immobilization but also reduced the uptake of Cd by plant roots and its transport to shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation enhanced overall plant health in pea.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17
Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont - Outcome
- overall plant healthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, microbial inoculation further enhanced the overall plant health as well as alleviated the toxic effects of Cd on the pea plants.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation Together with Biochar and Gravel Sand”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation Together with Biochar and Gravel Sand”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation alleviated toxic effects of Cd in pea.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- toxic effects of Cde0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, microbial inoculation further enhanced the overall plant health as well as alleviated the toxic effects of Cd on the pea plants.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation Together with Biochar and Gravel Sand”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation Together with Biochar and Gravel Sand”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil treatments improved photosynthesis and transpiration.
- Taxon
- Pea PlantLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- soil treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rates of photosynthesis and transpiratione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These soil treatments also improved rates of photosynthesis and transpiration.”
t0“Pea Plant”
t1“Pea Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and inoculation increased pea plant height by 47%.
- Taxon
- Pea PlantLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
- Setting
- Cd contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil.”
t0“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and inoculation increased pea shoot dry weight by 42%.
- Taxon
- Pea PlantLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
- Setting
- Cd contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil.”
t0“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and inoculation increased pea root dry weight by 57%.
- Taxon
- Pea PlantLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
- Setting
- Cd contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil.”
t0“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and inoculation increased pea 100 seeds weight by 49%.
- Taxon
- Pea PlantLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- 100 seeds weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
- Setting
- Cd contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined use of biochar and gravel sand with bacterial inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height (47%), shoot dry weight (42%), root dry weight (57%), and 100 seeds weight (49%) as compared to control plants in Cd contaminated soil.”
t0“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Pea Plant Health through Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and bacterium increased pea seed protein by up to 41%.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacteriume0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and bacterium increased pea seed fat by up to 74%.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacteriume0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- fate0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and bacterium increased pea seed fiber by up to 32%.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacteriume0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- fibere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined amendments and bacterium increased pea seed ash by up to 72%.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacteriume0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17t1symbiont
- Outcome
- ashe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, biochemical constituents of pea seeds (protein, fat, fiber, and ash) were significantly increased up to 41%, 74%, 32%, and 72%, respectively, with the combined use of these immobilizing agents and bacterium.”
t0“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
t1“Enterobacter sp. MN17 Inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined biochar, gravel sand and Enterobacter for pea growth and nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- combined application of biochar and gravel sand, particularly in combination with Enterobacter sp. MN17e0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter sp. MN17Enterobacter sp. MN17e0symbiont
- Outcome
- better growth and nutritional qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, this study demonstrated that the combined application of biochar and gravel sand, particularly in combination with Enterobacter sp. MN17, could be an efficient strategy for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil. It could support better growth and nutritional quality of pea plants.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.