Abstract
A pea ( Pisum sativum cv. Puget) cultivar was grown on a medium containing different NaCl concentrations (0–160 mol m −3 ) in order to study the effects of salt stress on leaf water relations and on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. NaCl stress caused a rapid decline in chlorophyll content. Both leaf water (ψ l ) and osmotic potentials (ψ s ) decreased progressively with the severity of the stress (from 90–160 mol m −3 NaCl) whereas leaf turgor pressure (ψ p ) increased in treated plants. Pea leaves contained an iron‐containing superoxide dismutase (Fe‐SOD) isozyme in chloroplasts alongside a copper‐zinc‐containing (CuZn‐SOD) form (CuZn‐SOD II). The lowest NaCl concentration (70 mol m −3 ) had no effect on the activity of these antioxidant enzymes while higher concentrations (110–130 mol m −3 ) enhanced the activity of cytosolic CuZn‐SOD I and chloroplastic CuZn‐SOD II as well as that of mitochondrial and/or peroxisomal manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD). These inductions were matched by increases in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR). The increased activities coincided with decreased stomatal conductance and were unaffected by the severity of stress except in the case of CuZn‐SOD II which fell to control values under the highest stress conditions (140–160 mol m −3 NaCl), when a concomitant increase in chloroplastic Fe‐SOD activity was observed. Glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities were only induced under severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 ) and were accompanied by losses in the ascorbate and glutathione pools, lower ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios and increases in GSSG. Electron microscopy showed that the thylakoidal structure of the chloroplasts became disorganized and their starch content decreased in plants treated with 160 mol m −3 NaCl. Overall, the results suggest that salt stress is accompanied by oxidative stress, perhaps at the cell compartment level. The capacity of Puget cultivar to ensure cell turgor and to enhance the activity of enzymes involved in the defence against oxidative stress seems to be important in determining adaptation to moderate NaCl stress conditions. In plants exposed to severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 ) it seems that such resistance to oxidative stress is overcome, which might contribute to the deleterious effects of salt and significant growth reduction in these conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress rapidly decreased chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- pea plants
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress caused a rapid decline in chlorophyll content.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf water and osmotic potentials decreased as salt stress intensified.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 90–160 mol m −3 NaCle0
- Outcome
- leaf water (ψ l ) and osmotic potentials (ψ s )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both leaf water (ψ l ) and osmotic potentials (ψ s ) decreased progressively with the severity of the stress (from 90–160 mol m −3 NaCl)”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf turgor pressure increased in treated plants.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf turgor pressure (ψ p )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf turgor pressure (ψ p ) increased in treated plants.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea chloroplasts contained Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD II isozymes.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- Fe‐SODe0
- Outcome
- contained an iron‐containing superoxide dismutase (Fe‐SOD) isozyme in chloroplasts alongside a copper‐zinc‐containing (CuZn‐SOD) form (CuZn‐SOD II)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea leaves contained an iron‐containing superoxide dismutase (Fe‐SOD) isozyme in chloroplasts alongside a copper‐zinc‐containing (CuZn‐SOD) form (CuZn‐SOD II).”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest NaCl concentration did not change antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 70 mol m −3e0
- Outcome
- activity of these antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest NaCl concentration (70 mol m −3 ) had no effect on the activity of these antioxidant enzymes”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NaCl concentrations enhanced CuZn-SOD I, CuZn-SOD II and Mn-SOD activity.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 110–130 mol m −3e0
- Outcome
- activity of cytosolic CuZn‐SOD I and chloroplastic CuZn‐SOD II as well as that of mitochondrial and/or peroxisomal manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher concentrations (110–130 mol m −3 ) enhanced the activity of cytosolic CuZn‐SOD I and chloroplastic CuZn‐SOD II as well as that of mitochondrial and/or peroxisomal manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD).”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
APX and MDHAR activity increased with those inductions.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These inductions were matched by increases in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR).”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased antioxidant activity coincided with reduced stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- increased activitiese0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased activities coincided with decreased stomatal conductance”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CuZn-SOD II activity fell to control values at the highest stress.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 140–160 mol m −3 NaCle0
- Outcome
- CuZn‐SOD IIe0
- Direction
- felle0
- Comparator
- control valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CuZn‐SOD II which fell to control values under the highest stress conditions (140–160 mol m −3 NaCl)”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplastic Fe-SOD activity increased under the highest stress.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- chloroplastic Fe‐SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a concomitant increase in chloroplastic Fe‐SOD activity was observed.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GR and DHAR activities were induced only under severe NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 )e0
- Outcome
- Glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activitiese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities were only induced under severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 )”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe stress was accompanied by losses in ascorbate and glutathione pools and lower redox ratios.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- ascorbate and glutathione pools, lower ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratiose0
- Direction
- lossese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“losses in the ascorbate and glutathione pools, lower ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GSSG increased under severe stress.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- GSSGe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in GSSG.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 160 mol m −3 NaCl chloroplast thylakoids became disorganized.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 160 mol m −3 NaCle0
- Outcome
- thylakoidal structure of the chloroplasts became disorganizede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the thylakoidal structure of the chloroplasts became disorganized and their starch content decreased in plants treated with 160 mol m −3 NaCl.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 160 mol m −3 NaCl chloroplast starch content decreased.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 160 mol m −3 NaCle0
- Outcome
- starch contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their starch content decreased in plants treated with 160 mol m −3 NaCl.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer salt stress is accompanied by oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Qualifier
- perhaps at the cell compartment levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress is accompanied by oxidative stress, perhaps at the cell compartment level.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer turgor maintenance and antioxidant enzymes aid moderate-salt adaptation.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Material
- Puget cultivare0
- Outcome
- adaptation to moderate NaCl stress conditionse0
- Qualifier
- ensure cell turgor and to enhance the activity of enzymes involved in the defence against oxidative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The capacity of Puget cultivar to ensure cell turgor and to enhance the activity of enzymes involved in the defence against oxidative stress seems to be important in determining adaptation to moderate NaCl stress conditions.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer severe salt stress overcomes oxidative resistance and contributes to growth reduction.
- Taxon
- pea plantsLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 )e0
- Outcome
- significant growth reductione0
- Qualifier
- resistance to oxidative stress is overcomee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In plants exposed to severe NaCl stress (130–160 mol m −3 ) it seems that such resistance to oxidative stress is overcome, which might contribute to the deleterious effects of salt and significant growth reduction in these conditions.”
t0“pea plants”
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