Abstract
Lead (Pb)-polluted soils pose a serious threat to human health, particularly by transmitting this heavy metal to the food chain via the crops grown on them. The application of novel amendments in Pb-polluted soils can significantly reduce this problem. In this research, we report the effects of various organic and inorganic amendments i.e., bentonite (BN), biochar (BR), lignin (LN), magnesium potassium phosphate cement (CM) and iron hydroxyl phosphate (FeHP), on the Pb bioavailability in Pb-polluted soil, upon Pb distribution in shoots, roots, grain, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb in pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain. Furthermore, effects of the said amendments on the plant parameters, as well as grain biochemistry and nutritional quality, were also assessed. Lead pollution significantly elevated Pb concentrations in roots, shoots and grain, as well as the grain TF and BCF of Pb, while reducing the nutritional quality and biochemistry of grain, plant height, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents (chl a and chl b) and the dry weight (DW) of shoot, root and grain. The lowest Pb distribution in shoots, roots and grain were found with BN, FeHP and CM, compared to our control. Likewise, the BN, FeHP and CM significantly lowered the TF and BCF values of Pb in the order FeHP > CM > BN. Similarly, the highest increase in plant height, shoot, root and grain DW, RWC, chl a and chl b contents, grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrations, were recorded with BR amendment. Biochar also reduced grain polyphenols as well as plant oxidative stress. Given that the BR and BN amendments gave the best results, we propose to explore their potential synergistic effect to reduce Pb toxicity by using them together in future research.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Lead pollution increased lead concentrations in pea roots, shoots and grain.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- Lead pollutione0
- Outcome
- Pb concentrations in roots, shoots and graine0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lead pollution significantly elevated Pb concentrations in roots, shoots and grain”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead pollution increased grain Pb translocation and bioconcentration factors.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Lead pollutione0
- Outcome
- grain TF and BCF of Pbe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lead pollution significantly elevated Pb concentrations in roots, shoots and grain, as well as the grain TF and BCF of Pb”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead pollution reduced grain nutritional quality and biochemistry.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Lead pollutione2
- Outcome
- nutritional quality and biochemistry of graine0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the nutritional quality and biochemistry of grain”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
e2“Lead pollution significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead pollution reduced plant height and dry weight of shoot, root and grain.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Lead pollutione2
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the nutritional quality and biochemistry of grain, plant height, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents (chl a and chl b) and the dry weight (DW) of shoot, root and grain”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
e2“Lead pollution significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead pollution reduced relative water and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Lead pollutione2
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents (chl a and chl b)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the nutritional quality and biochemistry of grain, plant height, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents (chl a and chl b) and the dry weight (DW) of shoot, root and grain”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
e2“Lead pollution significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
BN lowered Pb distribution in pea shoots, roots and grain relative to control.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- BNe0
- Outcome
- Pb distribution in shoots, roots and graine0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- our controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest Pb distribution in shoots, roots and grain were found with BN, FeHP and CM, compared to our control”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
FeHP lowered Pb distribution in pea shoots, roots and grain relative to control.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- FeHPe0
- Outcome
- Pb distribution in shoots, roots and graine0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- our controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest Pb distribution in shoots, roots and grain were found with BN, FeHP and CM, compared to our control”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
CM lowered Pb distribution in pea shoots, roots and grain relative to control.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CMe0
- Outcome
- Pb distribution in shoots, roots and graine0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- our controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest Pb distribution in shoots, roots and grain were found with BN, FeHP and CM, compared to our control”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
BN lowered Pb translocation and bioconcentration factors.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- BNe0
- Outcome
- TF and BCF values of Pbe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the BN, FeHP and CM significantly lowered the TF and BCF values of Pb in the order FeHP > CM > BN”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
FeHP lowered Pb translocation and bioconcentration factors.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- FeHPe0
- Outcome
- TF and BCF values of Pbe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the BN, FeHP and CM significantly lowered the TF and BCF values of Pb in the order FeHP > CM > BN”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
CM lowered Pb translocation and bioconcentration factors.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- CMe0
- Outcome
- TF and BCF values of Pbe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the BN, FeHP and CM significantly lowered the TF and BCF values of Pb in the order FeHP > CM > BN”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the greatest increases in plant height and shoot, root and grain dry weight.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- BR amendmente0
- Outcome
- plant height, shoot, root and grain DWe0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest increase in plant height, shoot, root and grain DW, RWC, chl a and chl b contents, grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrations, were recorded with BR amendment”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the greatest increase in relative water and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- BR amendmente0
- Outcome
- RWC, chl a and chl b contentse0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest increase in plant height, shoot, root and grain DW, RWC, chl a and chl b contents, grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrations, were recorded with BR amendment”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the greatest increase in grain biochemistry and micronutrient concentrations.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- BR amendmente0
- Outcome
- grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest increase in plant height, shoot, root and grain DW, RWC, chl a and chl b contents, grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrations, were recorded with BR amendment”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced grain polyphenols and plant oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- grain polyphenols as well as plant oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar also reduced grain polyphenols as well as plant oxidative stress”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose testing combined BR and BN amendments for Pb toxicity.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceuse2
- Treatment
- BR and BN amendmentse1
- Outcome
- explore their potential synergistic effect to reduce Pb toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we propose to explore their potential synergistic effect to reduce Pb toxicity by using them together in future research”
e1“BR and BN amendments”
e2“pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain”
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.