Abstract
Summary Autophagy, involved in protein degradation and amino acid recycling, plays a key role in plant development and stress responses. However, the relationship between autophagy and phytohormones remains unclear. We used diverse methods, including CRISPR/Cas9, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual‐luciferase assays to explore the molecular mechanism of strigolactones in regulating autophagy and the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins under cold stress in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ). We show that cold stress induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesis were more sensitive to cold stress with increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Meanwhile, cold stress induced the accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which was triggered by strigolactones. HY5 further trans ‐activated ATG18a transcription, resulting in autophagy formation. Mutation of ATG18a compromised strigolactone‐induced cold tolerance, leading to decreased formation of autophagosomes and increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. These findings reveal that strigolactones positively regulate autophagy in an HY5‐dependent manner and facilitate the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins under cold conditions in tomato.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress increased ubiquitinated protein accumulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- cold stresse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ubiquitinated proteinse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“We show that cold stress induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strigolactone biosynthesis mutants were more sensitive to cold stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- sensitive to cold stresse0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesis were more sensitive to cold stress with increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strigolactone biosynthesis mutants accumulated more ubiquitinated proteins.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ubiquitinated proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesis were more sensitive to cold stress with increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DSe0
- Outcome
- cold tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 5DS elevated accumulation of autophagosomes in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DSe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of autophagosomese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 5DS elevated transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s) in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DSe0
- Outcome
- transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
GR24 5DS reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DSe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ubiquitinated proteinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 5DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy‐related genes ( ATG s), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress induced HY5 accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- cold stresse0
- Gene
- ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Meanwhile, cold stress induced the accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which was triggered by strigolactones.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strigolactones triggered HY5 accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)e0
- Compound
- strigolactonese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Meanwhile, cold stress induced the accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which was triggered by strigolactones.”
Claim · model-written summary
HY5 transactivated ATG18a transcription.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ATG18ae0
- Outcome
- ATG18a transcriptione0
- Qualifier
- HY5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“HY5 further trans ‐activated ATG18a transcription, resulting in autophagy formation.”
Claim · model-written summary
HY5-dependent transcription resulted in autophagy formation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- ATG18ae0
- Outcome
- autophagy formatione0
- Qualifier
- HY5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“HY5 further trans ‐activated ATG18a transcription, resulting in autophagy formation.”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG18a mutation compromised strigolactone‐induced cold tolerance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of ATG18ae0
- Gene
- ATG18ae0
- Outcome
- strigolactone‐induced cold tolerancee0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Mutation of ATG18a compromised strigolactone‐induced cold tolerance, leading to decreased formation of autophagosomes and increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG18a mutation decreased formation of autophagosomes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of ATG18ae0
- Gene
- ATG18ae0
- Outcome
- formation of autophagosomese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Mutation of ATG18a compromised strigolactone‐induced cold tolerance, leading to decreased formation of autophagosomes and increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG18a mutation increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of ATG18ae0
- Gene
- ATG18ae0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ubiquitinated proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Mutation of ATG18a compromised strigolactone‐induced cold tolerance, leading to decreased formation of autophagosomes and increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.”
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