Abstract
Drought is the greatest threat to food security in the climate change scenario, which affects crop plants' growth and development by disturbing the plant's physiological and biochemical processes. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient in many metabolic processes and may improve plant tolerance to water deficit conditions besides its nutritional value. This study investigated the reaction of several wheat species with different ploidy levels to foliar Zn application under water stress. Water stress significantly reduced grain yield (GY), leaf relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb), and carotenoid (Car) contents. Water stress also impacted several other physiological characteristics by increasing leaf hydrogen peroxide (HP), free proline (Prl), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, soluble protein (PC), sodium content (Na+), and antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (Pox), ascorbate peroxidase (Aes) and catalase (Cat). Remarkably, the Zn application alleviated yield reduction caused by water stress. Moreover, the Zn application increased grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, Chl, Car contents, Pox, Aes, and Cat activities while significantly reducing MDA, HP, and Na+ contents compared with the control treatment. Pox, Aes, and Cat activities increased to higher concentrations in 6x and 4x than in 2x, indicating that the 6x and 4x species responded better to water stress. Wild and landrace varieties of 4x, such as T. dicoccum, T. ispahanicum, and T. dicoccoides, showed better water stress tolerance than the landrace varieties of 2x and 6x species. These species may be a valuable genetic source for improving modern bread and durum wheat to water stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced grain yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat species
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress significantly reduced grain yield (GY)”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced wheat leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress significantly reduced grain yield (GY), leaf relative water contents (RWC)”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced wheat chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb), and carotenoid (Car) contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress significantly reduced grain yield (GY), leaf relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb), and carotenoid (Car) contents.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased leaf hydrogen peroxide, free proline and malondialdehyde contents.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf hydrogen peroxide (HP), free proline (Prl), malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress also impacted several other physiological characteristics by increasing leaf hydrogen peroxide (HP), free proline (Prl), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased soluble protein and sodium contents.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble protein (PC), sodium content (Na+)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress also impacted several other physiological characteristics by increasing leaf hydrogen peroxide (HP), free proline (Prl), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, soluble protein (PC), sodium content (Na+)”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (Pox), ascorbate peroxidase (Aes) and catalase (Cat)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress also impacted several other physiological characteristics by increasing leaf hydrogen peroxide (HP), free proline (Prl), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, soluble protein (PC), sodium content (Na+), and antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (Pox), ascorbate peroxidase (Aes) and catalase (Cat)”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc alleviated the grain yield loss caused by water stress.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Zn application alleviated yield reduction caused by water stress”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc increased grain zinc and potassium contents and the K+/Na+ ratio.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Zn application increased grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, Chl, Car contents, Pox, Aes, and Cat activities while significantly reducing MDA, HP, and Na+ contents compared with the control treatment.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc increased relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- RWC, Chl, Car contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Zn application increased grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, Chl, Car contents, Pox, Aes, and Cat activities while significantly reducing MDA, HP, and Na+ contents compared with the control treatment.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc increased peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- Pox, Aes, and Cat activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Zn application increased grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, Chl, Car contents, Pox, Aes, and Cat activities while significantly reducing MDA, HP, and Na+ contents compared with the control treatment.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc significantly reduced malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and sodium contents.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- MDA, HP, and Na+ contentse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Zn application increased grains' Zn, potassium content (K+), and K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, Chl, Car contents, Pox, Aes, and Cat activities while significantly reducing MDA, HP, and Na+ contents compared with the control treatment.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities were higher in 6x and 4x wheat than in 2x.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- 6x and 4xe0
- Outcome
- Pox, Aes, and Cat activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 2xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pox, Aes, and Cat activities increased to higher concentrations in 6x and 4x than in 2x”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
T. dicoccum showed better water stress tolerance than 2x and 6x landraces.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- T. dicoccume0
- Outcome
- water stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- landrace varieties of 2x and 6x speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wild and landrace varieties of 4x, such as T. dicoccum, T. ispahanicum, and T. dicoccoides, showed better water stress tolerance than the landrace varieties of 2x and 6x species.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
T. ispahanicum showed better water stress tolerance than 2x and 6x landraces.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- T. ispahanicume0
- Outcome
- water stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- landrace varieties of 2x and 6x speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wild and landrace varieties of 4x, such as T. dicoccum, T. ispahanicum, and T. dicoccoides, showed better water stress tolerance than the landrace varieties of 2x and 6x species.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
T. dicoccoides showed better water stress tolerance than 2x and 6x landraces.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- T. dicoccoidese0
- Outcome
- water stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- landrace varieties of 2x and 6x speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wild and landrace varieties of 4x, such as T. dicoccum, T. ispahanicum, and T. dicoccoides, showed better water stress tolerance than the landrace varieties of 2x and 6x species.”
t0“wheat species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose these 4x wild and landrace wheat species as genetic sources for improving drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheat speciesTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- valuable genetic source for improving modern bread and durum wheat to water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These species may be a valuable genetic source for improving modern bread and durum wheat to water stress.”
t0“wheat species”
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