Abstract
Seed germination represents a pivotal phase in crop production, exhibiting pronounced sensitivity to abiotic stresses. In this study, wheat seeds of the ‘Ningchun 4’ variety were subjected to treatments involving zinc (Zn) chloride and iron (Fe) chloride, both individually and in combination. The impacts of these treatments on Fe and Zn accumulation, starch mobilization, antioxidant responses, and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism during seed germination were thoroughly examined. Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination, which was accompanied by elevated levels of starch, sucrose, and soluble sugars, as well as increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde concentrations. Concurrently, total amylase and α-amylase activities were downregulated, while antioxidant enzyme activities and the expression of TaCAT , TaAPX , and TaGR were upregulated. Seeds treated solely with Fe exhibited excessive Fe accumulation, heightened Fe 2+ content, and diminished Zn content. Conversely, these trends were reversed in seeds treated with Zn alone. Furthermore, reduced NO levels were associated with downregulated nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities, alongside decreased expression of their corresponding genes in response to Fe exposure. Notably, the above effects induced by Zn alone were less severe compared to those induced by Fe stress. Importantly, the addition of Zn (100 µM or 250 µM) significantly alleviated the detrimental effects of Fe on several parameters in germinating seeds. The results from NO fluorescent probe staining corroborated the quantitative NO measurements across different treatments. In conclusion, an appropriate concentration of Zn effectively promoted the germination of Fe-stressed wheat seeds by mitigating Fe accumulation, attenuating oxidative damage, and enhancing starch mobilization during seed germination.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application elevated starch, sucrose and soluble sugar levels in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Outcome
- starch, sucrose, and soluble sugarse1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
e1“elevated levels of starch, sucrose, and soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde concentrations.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
e1“increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application downregulated total amylase and alpha-amylase activities.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Outcome
- total amylase and α-amylase activitiese1
- Direction
- downregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
e1“total amylase and α-amylase activities were downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application upregulated antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
e1“antioxidant enzyme activities and the expression of TaCAT , TaAPX , and TaGR were upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Fe or Zn application upregulated the expression of TaCAT, TaAPX and TaGR.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Individual application of Fe or Zne0
- Gene
- TaCAT , TaAPX , and TaGRe1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Individual application of Fe or Zn significantly inhibited and delayed wheat seed germination”
e1“antioxidant enzyme activities and the expression of TaCAT , TaAPX , and TaGR were upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated solely with Fe showed excessive Fe accumulation.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Seeds treated solely with Fee0
- Outcome
- Fe accumulatione0
- Direction
- excessivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Seeds treated solely with Fe exhibited excessive Fe accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated solely with Fe showed heightened Fe 2+ content.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Seeds treated solely with Fee0
- Outcome
- Fe 2+ contente1
- Direction
- heightenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Seeds treated solely with Fe exhibited excessive Fe accumulation”
e1“heightened Fe 2+ content”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated solely with Fe showed diminished Zn content.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Seeds treated solely with Fee0
- Outcome
- Zn contente1
- Direction
- diminishede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Seeds treated solely with Fe exhibited excessive Fe accumulation”
e1“diminished Zn content”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn alone reversed the Fe-induced trends in seeds, relative to Fe-only seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seeds treated with Zn alonee1
- Outcome
- these trendse1
- Direction
- reversede1
- Comparator
- Seeds treated solely with Fee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Seeds treated solely with Fe exhibited excessive Fe accumulation”
e1“these trends were reversed in seeds treated with Zn alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe exposure reduced NO levels in germinating wheat seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe exposuree1
- Outcome
- NO levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“reduced NO levels”
e1“in response to Fe exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced NO levels were associated with downregulated nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe exposuree0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase activitiese1
- Direction
- downregulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“in response to Fe exposure”
e1“reduced NO levels were associated with downregulated nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe exposure decreased the expression of the corresponding NO-metabolism genes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe exposuree0
- Outcome
- expression of their corresponding genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“decreased expression of their corresponding genes in response to Fe exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects induced by Zn alone were less severe than those induced by Fe stress.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn alonee0
- Outcome
- the above effectse0
- Direction
- less severee0
- Comparator
- Fe stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“the above effects induced by Zn alone were less severe compared to those induced by Fe stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn at 100 µM or 250 µM significantly alleviated several detrimental effects of Fe on germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- addition of Zn (100 µM or 250 µM)e0
- Outcome
- several parameterse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- detrimental effects of Fee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“the addition of Zn (100 µM or 250 µM) significantly alleviated the detrimental effects of Fe on several parameters in germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NO fluorescent probe staining corroborated the quantitative NO measurements across treatments.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NO fluorescent probe staininge0
- Comparator
- quantitative NO measurementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The results from NO fluorescent probe staining corroborated the quantitative NO measurements across different treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
An appropriate concentration of Zn promoted the germination of Fe-stressed wheat seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- an appropriate concentration of Zne0
- Outcome
- germination of Fe-stressed wheat seedse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“an appropriate concentration of Zn effectively promoted the germination of Fe-stressed wheat seeds by mitigating Fe accumulation, attenuating oxidative damage, and enhancing starch mobilization during seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn promoted germination of Fe-stressed seeds by mitigating Fe accumulation, attenuating oxidative damage and enhancing starch mobilization.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Qualifier
- mitigating Fe accumulation, attenuating oxidative damage, and enhancing starch mobilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“an appropriate concentration of Zn effectively promoted the germination of Fe-stressed wheat seeds by mitigating Fe accumulation, attenuating oxidative damage, and enhancing starch mobilization during seed germination”
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