Abstract
We analyzed antioxidative defenses, photosynthesis, and pigments (especially xanthophyll-cycle components) in two wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars, Adamello and Ofanto, during dehydration and rehydration to determine the difference in their sensitivities to drought and to elucidate the role of different protective mechanisms against oxidative stress. Drought caused a more pronounced inhibition in growth and photosynthetic rates in the more sensitive cv Adamello compared with the relatively tolerant cv Ofanto. During dehydration the glutathione content decreased in both wheat cultivars, but only cv Adamello showed a significant increase in glutathione reductase and hydrogen peroxide-glutathione peroxidase activities. The activation states of two sulfhydryl-containing chloroplast enzymes, NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, were maintained at control levels during dehydration and rehydration in both cultivars. This indicates that the defense systems involved are efficient in the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation. Drought did not cause significant effects on lipid peroxidation. Upon dehydration, a decline in chlorophyll a, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta-carotene contents, and an increase in the pool of de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle components (i.e. zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin), were evident only in cv Adamello. Accordingly, after exposure to drought, cv Adamello showed a larger reduction in the actual photosystem II photochemical efficiency and a higher increase in nonradiative energy dissipation than cv Ofanto. Although differences in zeaxanthin content were not sufficient to explain the difference in drought tolerance between the two cultivars, zeaxanthin formation may be relevant in avoiding irreversible damage to photosystem II in the more sensitive cultivar.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought inhibited growth and photosynthesis more in Adamello than Ofanto.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- growth and photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Comparator
- cv Ofantoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused a more pronounced inhibition in growth and photosynthetic rates in the more sensitive cv Adamello compared with the relatively tolerant cv Ofanto”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione content fell during dehydration in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- dehydratione0
- Outcome
- glutathione contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During dehydration the glutathione content decreased in both wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Adamello increased glutathione reductase and hydrogen peroxide-glutathione peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- dehydratione1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase and hydrogen peroxide-glutathione peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only cv Adamello showed a significant increase in glutathione reductase and hydrogen peroxide-glutathione peroxidase activities”
e1“During dehydration the glutathione content decreased in both wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars maintained activation of two chloroplast enzymes at control levels during dehydration and rehydration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dehydration and rehydratione0
- Gene
- NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatasee0
- Outcome
- activation statese0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activation states of two sulfhydryl-containing chloroplast enzymes, NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, were maintained at control levels during dehydration and rehydration in both cultivars”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought had no significant effect on lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- did not cause significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought did not cause significant effects on lipid peroxidation”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Adamello alone lost chlorophyll a, lutein and neoxanthin during dehydration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- dehydratione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, lutein, neoxanthine0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon dehydration, a decline in chlorophyll a, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta-carotene contents, and an increase in the pool of de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle components (i.e. zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin), were evident only in cv Adamello”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Adamello alone lost beta-carotene during dehydration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- dehydratione0
- Outcome
- beta-carotene contentse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon dehydration, a decline in chlorophyll a, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta-carotene contents, and an increase in the pool of de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle components (i.e. zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin), were evident only in cv Adamello”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Adamello alone increased de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle components during dehydration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- dehydratione0
- Outcome
- pool of de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle componentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon dehydration, a decline in chlorophyll a, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta-carotene contents, and an increase in the pool of de-epoxidized xanthophyll-cycle components (i.e. zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin), were evident only in cv Adamello”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced actual photosystem II efficiency more in Adamello than Ofanto.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- actual photosystem II photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- larger reductione0
- Comparator
- cv Ofantoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after exposure to drought, cv Adamello showed a larger reduction in the actual photosystem II photochemical efficiency and a higher increase in nonradiative energy dissipation than cv Ofanto”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased nonradiative energy dissipation more in Adamello than Ofanto.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv Adamelloe0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- nonradiative energy dissipatione0
- Direction
- higher increasee0
- Comparator
- cv Ofantoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after exposure to drought, cv Adamello showed a larger reduction in the actual photosystem II photochemical efficiency and a higher increase in nonradiative energy dissipation than cv Ofanto”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeaxanthin differences did not suffice to explain the cultivars drought tolerance difference.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- zeaxanthine0
- Outcome
- difference in drought tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences in zeaxanthin content were not sufficient to explain the difference in drought tolerance between the two cultivars”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeaxanthin formation may help avoid irreversible photosystem II damage in the sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- zeaxanthine0
- Outcome
- irreversible damage to photosystem IIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zeaxanthin formation may be relevant in avoiding irreversible damage to photosystem II in the more sensitive cultivar”
t0“Wheat Cultivars”
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