Abstract
Aim This study examined the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt pathway in response to salt and osmotic stresses in three barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes (Acsad176, Athroh, and Rum) in terms of seed germination, seedlings growth, oxidative damage through malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation as an indicator for reactive oxygen species (ROS), GABA metabolite accumulation, chlorophyll level, total proteins, total carbohydrates and the expression of glutamate decarboxylase gene (GAD) analysis. Background GABA is a secondary metabolite that modulates nitrogen metabolism, protects against oxidative damage, and cytosolic pH in response to various abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Methods The effects of salt and osmotic stresses imposed by different concentrations of mannitol, sorbitol, and NaCl on the three barley genotypes were studied. Seed germination, seedling length, fresh weight, and dry mass were recorded. The physiological and biochemical responses as per GABA and MDA accumulation, total chlorophyll, proteins and carbohydrates, and the level of GAD expression were also characterized and determined. Results Mannitol, sorbitol, and NaCl treatments decreased seed germination and seedling growth for the three barely genotypes used in this study. MDA concentration was increased in seedlings of all genotypes with increasing NaCl, mannitol, and sorbitol concentrations. Acsad 176 showed high GABA accumulation under NaCl treatment. Mannitol treatment significantly increased GABA accumulation in the Rum genotype. All salt and osmotic treatments decreased chlorophyll a and b and carbohydrate content and significantly increased GAD transcription in all barley genotypes. Salt and osmotic stresses affected the total protein content in all genotypes. Conclusion Acsad 176 genotype may adapt to NaCl stress by accumulating carbohydrates more than Athroh and Rum. GABA shunt is a crucial signaling and metabolic pathway facilitating barley's adaptation to salt and osmotic stress. In soil with high salt and osmotic contents, the Acsad 176 genotype is the recommended genotype for cultivation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Mannitol reduced germination and seedling growth in all three barley genotypes.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- Mannitole0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Mannitol, sorbitol, and NaCl treatments decreased seed germination and seedling growth for the three barely genotypes used in this study.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorbitol reduced germination and seedling growth in all three barley genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- sorbitole0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mannitol, sorbitol, and NaCl treatments decreased seed germination and seedling growth for the three barely genotypes used in this study.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl reduced germination and seedling growth in all three barley genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mannitol, sorbitol, and NaCl treatments decreased seed germination and seedling growth for the three barely genotypes used in this study.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA concentration rose with increasing NaCl concentration in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- MDA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA concentration was increased in seedlings of all genotypes with increasing NaCl, mannitol, and sorbitol concentrations.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA concentration rose with increasing mannitol concentration in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mannitole0
- Outcome
- MDA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA concentration was increased in seedlings of all genotypes with increasing NaCl, mannitol, and sorbitol concentrations.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA concentration rose with increasing sorbitol concentration in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- sorbitole0
- Outcome
- MDA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA concentration was increased in seedlings of all genotypes with increasing NaCl, mannitol, and sorbitol concentrations.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Acsad 176 had high GABA accumulation under NaCl.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Acsad 176e0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- GABA accumulatione0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acsad 176 showed high GABA accumulation under NaCl treatment.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mannitol significantly increased GABA accumulation in Rum.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Rume0
- Treatment
- Mannitol treatmente0
- Outcome
- GABA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mannitol treatment significantly increased GABA accumulation in the Rum genotype.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt and osmotic treatments decreased chlorophyll a and b.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- salt and osmotic treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All salt and osmotic treatments decreased chlorophyll a and b and carbohydrate content and significantly increased GAD transcription in all barley genotypes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt and osmotic treatments decreased carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- salt and osmotic treatmentse0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All salt and osmotic treatments decreased chlorophyll a and b and carbohydrate content and significantly increased GAD transcription in all barley genotypes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt and osmotic treatments significantly increased GAD transcription.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- salt and osmotic treatmentse0
- Gene
- GADe0
- Outcome
- GAD transcriptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All salt and osmotic treatments decreased chlorophyll a and b and carbohydrate content and significantly increased GAD transcription in all barley genotypes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt and osmotic stresses affected total protein content in all genotypes, without a stated direction.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Salt and osmotic stressese0
- Outcome
- total protein contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt and osmotic stresses affected the total protein content in all genotypes.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Acsad 176 may accumulate more carbohydrates under NaCl stress than Athroh and Rum.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Acsad 176e0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- carbohydratese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Athroh and Rume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acsad 176 genotype may adapt to NaCl stress by accumulating carbohydrates more than Athroh and Rum.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted the GABA shunt as facilitating barley adaptation to salt and osmotic stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- barley's adaptation to salt and osmotic stresse0
- Qualifier
- GABA shunte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA shunt is a crucial signaling and metabolic pathway facilitating barley's adaptation to salt and osmotic stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Acsad 176 is recommended for cultivation in soils with high salt and osmotic contents.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Acsad 176e0
- Outcome
- recommended genotype for cultivatione0
- Setting
- soil with high salt and osmotic contentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil with high salt and osmotic contents, the Acsad 176 genotype is the recommended genotype for cultivation.”
t0“Barley”
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