Abstract
Abstract Barley is one of the world's earliest domesticated crops, which is widely used for beer production, animal feeding, and health care. Barley seed germination, particularly in increasingly saline soils, is key to ensure the safety of crop production. However, the mechanism of salt‐affected seed germination in barley remains elusive. Here, two different colored barley varieties were used to independently study the regulation mechanism of salt tolerance during barley seed germination. High salinity delays barley seed germination by slowing down starch mobilization efficiency in seeds. The starch plate test revealed that salinity had a significant inhibitory effect on α‐amylase activity in barley seeds. Further, NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds, thereby inhibiting α‐amylase activity. In addition, the result of embryogenic culture system in vitro showed that the shoot elongation of barley was significantly inhibited by salt stress. These findings indicate that it is a feasible idea to study the regulation mechanism of salinity on barley seed germination and embryo growth from the aspect of starch‐related source‐sink communication.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity delayed barley germination.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- High salinitye0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- delayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“High salinity delays barley seed germination by slowing down starch mobilization efficiency in seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity slowed starch mobilization efficiency in barley seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- High salinitye0
- Outcome
- starch mobilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- slowing downe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High salinity delays barley seed germination by slowing down starch mobilization efficiency in seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly inhibited alpha-amylase activity in barley seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- α‐amylasee0
- Outcome
- α‐amylase activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity had a significant inhibitory effect on α‐amylase activity in barley seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl down-regulated Amy1 expression in germinated seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- germinated seedse0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Gene
- Amy1e0
- Outcome
- expression of Amy1e0
- Direction
- down‐regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
e1“barley seeds”
e2“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl down-regulated Amy2 expression in germinated seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- germinated seedse0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Gene
- Amy2e0
- Outcome
- Amy2e0
- Direction
- down‐regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
e1“barley seeds”
e2“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl down-regulated Amy3 expression in germinated seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- germinated seedse0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Gene
- Amy3e0
- Outcome
- Amy3e0
- Direction
- down‐regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
e1“barley seeds”
e2“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced expression of Amy genes inhibited alpha-amylase activity.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Gene
- Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3e2
- Outcome
- α‐amylase activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby inhibiting α‐amylase activity”
e1“barley seeds”
e2“NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1 , Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly inhibited barley shoot elongation in embryogenic culture.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot elongation of barley was significantly inhibited by salt stress.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.