Abstract
The combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers has been recognized as a critical factor driving significant changes in crop yield and nutrient use efficiency, holding the potential to optimize agricultural management to achieve high yields. In this 40-year study, we investigated the effect of manure amendment on soybean and maize yields, water and nitrogen use efficiencies (WUE and NUE), and water and mineral N storage at 0–100 cm soil depths from 2017 to 2018 to explore the optimization of fertilization management strategies for soybean and maize production in Northeast China. To elucidate the impact of chemical fertilizers and manure, twelve treatments—control (CK); single N fertilizer at a low rate (N1) and that at a high rate (N2); N1, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer (N1PK); manure alone at 13.5 and 27 t ha−1 (M1 and M2); and those combined with N, P, or K fertilizer (M1N1, M1N2, and M1N1PK and M2N1, M2N2, and M2N1PK)—were selected and studied. The results showed that long-term amendment with manure significantly increased crop biomass and yield in the soybean–maize–maize rotation system. Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure. These results provide insight into the potential of using fertilization management strategies that include amendment with 13.5 t ha−1 manure in combination with N, P, and K fertilizer in the maize season and only chemical fertilizer in the soybean season, as these results indicate that such strategies can achieve high yields and be used to implement agricultural sustainable development in brown soil regions in Northeast China.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term manure amendment significantly increased crop biomass in the soybean–maize–maize rotation.
- Taxon
- soybean–maize–maize
Glycine max
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- long-term amendment with manuree0
- Outcome
- crop biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that long-term amendment with manure significantly increased crop biomass and yield in the soybean–maize–maize rotation system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term manure amendment significantly increased crop yield in the rotation.
- Taxon
- soybean–maize–maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- long-term amendment with manuree0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that long-term amendment with manure significantly increased crop biomass and yield in the soybean–maize–maize rotation system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining with manure increased water-use efficiency in soybean and maize seasons.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Combining with manuree0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining with manure increased partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in both crop seasons.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Combining with manuree0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining with manure increased nitrogen physiological efficiency in both crop seasons.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Combining with manuree0
- Outcome
- N physiological efficiency (PEN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure combination conserved soil water, mainly at 40–60 cm.
- Treatment
- Combining with manuree0
- Outcome
- soil watere0
- Direction
- conservede0
- Qualifier
- mainly at 40–60 cme0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure combination increased soil nitrogen retention in the upper 60 cm.
- Treatment
- Combining with manuree0
- Outcome
- soil N retentione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in the upper 60 cm layere0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure combination reduced the risk of nitrogen leaching.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
The better effect was observed with 13.5 t ha−1 manure.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- 13.5 t ha−1 manuree0
- Outcome
- better effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN), and N physiological efficiency (PEN) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40–60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha−1 manure.”
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See all 1,192 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.