Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Photosynthesis is the key to crop yield. The effect of biochar on photosynthetic physiology and soybean yield under continuous cropping is unclear. We conducted a long‐term field experiment to investigate the effects of co‐application of biochar and fertilizer (BCAF) on these parameters. Five treatments were established: F2 (fertilizer), B1F1 (3 t hm −2 biochar plus fertilizer), B1F2 (3 t hm −2 biochar plus reduced fertilizer), B2F1 (6 t hm −2 biochar plus fertilizer), and B2F2 (6 t hm −2 biochar plus reduced fertilizer). RESULTS BCAF increased chlorophyll and leaf area, enhancing soybean photosynthesis. The net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( T r ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), water use efficiency (WUE) and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration ( C i ) were enhanced by BCAF. In addition, BCAF improved soybean photosystem II (PSII) photosynthetic performance, driving force, potential photochemical efficiency ( F v / F 0 ), and quantum yield of electron transfer ( φ E0 ). Furthermore, BCAF enhanced the accumulation of photosynthetic products, such as soluble proteins, soluble sugars and sucrose content, resulting in higher leaf dry weight. Consequently, BCAF increased the soybean yield, with the highest increase of 41.54% in B2F1. The correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between soybean yield and chlorophyll, leaf area, maximal quantum yield of PSII ( F v / F m ), electron transport flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (ET 0 /CS 0 ), trapped energy flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (TR 0 /CS 0 ), composite blade driving force (DF Total ), and leaf dry weight. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that long‐term BCAF enhances soybean photosynthesis under continuous planting, reduces fertilizer use and increases yield. This study reveals a novel way and theory to sustainably increase soybean productivity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and fertilizer coapplication increased chlorophyll and leaf area.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF increased chlorophyll and leaf area, enhancing soybean photosynthesis.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and fertilizer coapplication enhanced photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF increased chlorophyll and leaf area, enhancing soybean photosynthesis.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and fertilizer coapplication enhanced net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( T r ), stomatal conductance ( G s )e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( T r ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), water use efficiency (WUE) and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration ( C i ) were enhanced by BCAF.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and fertilizer coapplication enhanced water use efficiency and intercellular CO2 concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE) and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration ( C i )e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency (WUE) and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration ( C i ) were enhanced by BCAF.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication improved PSII photosynthetic performance, driving force and potential photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- photosystem II (PSII) photosynthetic performance, driving force, potential photochemical efficiency ( F v / F 0 )e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF improved soybean photosystem II (PSII) photosynthetic performance, driving force, potential photochemical efficiency ( F v / F 0 ), and quantum yield of electron transfer ( φ E0 ).”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication improved electron-transfer quantum yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of electron transfer ( φ E0 )e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF improved soybean photosystem II (PSII) photosynthetic performance, driving force, potential photochemical efficiency ( F v / F 0 ), and quantum yield of electron transfer ( φ E0 ).”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication enhanced soluble proteins, soluble sugars and sucrose content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- soluble proteins, soluble sugars and sucrose contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF enhanced the accumulation of photosynthetic products, such as soluble proteins, soluble sugars and sucrose content, resulting in higher leaf dry weight.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication raised leaf dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- BCAFe0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF enhanced the accumulation of photosynthetic products, such as soluble proteins, soluble sugars and sucrose content, resulting in higher leaf dry weight.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication increased yield, maximally by 41.54% in B2F1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- B2F1e0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 41.54%e0
- Comparator
- F2 (fertilizer)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCAF increased the soybean yield, with the highest increase of 41.54% in B2F1.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
e1“F2 (fertilizer)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively correlated with chlorophyll, leaf area and PSII maximal quantum yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf areae0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between soybean yield and chlorophyll, leaf area, maximal quantum yield of PSII ( F v / F m ), electron transport flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (ET 0 /CS 0 ), trapped energy flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (TR 0 /CS 0 ), composite blade driving force (DF Total ), and leaf dry weight.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively related to electron transport flux, trapped energy flux and blade driving force.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- electron transport flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (ET 0 /CS 0 ), trapped energy flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (TR 0 /CS 0 ), composite blade driving force (DF Total )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive relationships between soybean yield and chlorophyll, leaf area, maximal quantum yield of PSII ( F v / F m ), electron transport flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (ET 0 /CS 0 ), trapped energy flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (TR 0 /CS 0 ), composite blade driving force (DF Total ), and leaf dry weight.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively related to leaf dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf dry weighte0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive relationships between soybean yield and chlorophyll, leaf area, maximal quantum yield of PSII ( F v / F m ), electron transport flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (ET 0 /CS 0 ), trapped energy flux per cross‐section at t = 0 (TR 0 /CS 0 ), composite blade driving force (DF Total ), and leaf dry weight.”
t0“increase soybean yield under continuous cropping”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.