Abstract
Summary Considering straw resource utilization and air pollution prevention, straw return has been commonly practiced in China. However, the practicability of plenty straw return in an emerging maize–rice rotation and their effects on soil C and N pools have not been extensively investigated. This study has been conducted to examine the effects of straw return on soil nutrients, soil functional C and N fractions, and then to figure out their relationships with yield and N use efficiency. Two treatments of straw return (S2Nck) and without straw return (S0Nck) were compared in 3-year field experiment, and subplots without N application were added in their respective plots in the third year. The results showed that, relative to the control (S0Nck), straw return significantly increased soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin), available P, and exchange K content by 11.7%, 41.1%, and 17.4% averaged across 3-year experiments, respectively. Straw return substantially increased soil dissolved organic C, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N content by 73.0%, 25.2%, and 36.8%, respectively. Furthermore, straw return markedly increased C and N retention in particulate organic matter in microaggregates (iPOM) and mineral associated organic matter within microaggregates (intra-SC), but significantly reduced in free mineral associated organic matter (free-SC) fraction. The structural equation modeling analysis showed that yield and the partial factor productivity of N were positively correlated with labile and slow soil C and N fractions. Consequently, straw incorporation significantly increased grain yields of maize by 14.7% and rice by 15.1%. The annual potential reduction proportion in fertilizer-N induced by straw return was estimated to be 25.7% in the third year. This study suggests that the incorporation of straws is an effective way to enhance soil nutrients and regulate soil C and N pools to improve crop production and has the potential to reduce N fertilizer application under maize–rice rotation in subtropical regions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin) by 11.7% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- maize–rice
Oryza sativa
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin)e2
- Direction
- significantly increasede2
- Value
- 11.7%e2
- Comparator
- control (S0Nck)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“The results showed that, relative to the control (S0Nck), straw return significantly increased soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin), available P, and exchange K content by 11.7%, 41.1%, and 17.4% averaged across 3-year experiments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased available P by 41.1% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- available Pe2
- Direction
- significantly increasede2
- Value
- 41.1%e2
- Comparator
- control (S0Nck)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“The results showed that, relative to the control (S0Nck), straw return significantly increased soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin), available P, and exchange K content by 11.7%, 41.1%, and 17.4% averaged across 3-year experiments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased exchangeable K content by 17.4% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- exchange K contente2
- Direction
- significantly increasede2
- Value
- 17.4%e2
- Comparator
- control (S0Nck)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“The results showed that, relative to the control (S0Nck), straw return significantly increased soil mineralized nitrogen (Nmin), available P, and exchange K content by 11.7%, 41.1%, and 17.4% averaged across 3-year experiments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return substantially increased soil dissolved organic C by 73.0%.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- Straw returne2
- Outcome
- soil dissolved organic Ce2
- Direction
- substantially increasede2
- Value
- 73.0%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“Straw return substantially increased soil dissolved organic C, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N content by 73.0%, 25.2%, and 36.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return substantially increased soil microbial biomass C by 25.2%.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- Straw returne2
- Outcome
- microbial biomass Ce2
- Direction
- substantially increasede2
- Value
- 25.2%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“Straw return substantially increased soil dissolved organic C, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N content by 73.0%, 25.2%, and 36.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return substantially increased soil microbial biomass N content by 36.8%.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- Straw returne2
- Outcome
- microbial biomass N contente2
- Direction
- substantially increasede2
- Value
- 36.8%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“Straw return substantially increased soil dissolved organic C, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N content by 73.0%, 25.2%, and 36.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return markedly increased C and N retention in particulate organic matter within microaggregates (iPOM) and in mineral associated organic matter within microaggregates (intra-SC).
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- C and N retention in particulate organic matter in microaggregates (iPOM) and mineral associated organic matter within microaggregates (intra-SC)e2
- Direction
- markedly increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“Furthermore, straw return markedly increased C and N retention in particulate organic matter in microaggregates (iPOM) and mineral associated organic matter within microaggregates (intra-SC), but significantly reduced in free mineral associated organic matter (free-SC) fraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly reduced C and N in the free mineral associated organic matter (free-SC) fraction.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- free mineral associated organic matter (free-SC) fractione2
- Direction
- significantly reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“Furthermore, straw return markedly increased C and N retention in particulate organic matter in microaggregates (iPOM) and mineral associated organic matter within microaggregates (intra-SC), but significantly reduced in free mineral associated organic matter (free-SC) fraction”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and the partial factor productivity of N were positively correlated with labile and slow soil C and N fractions in maize–rice rotation.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Compound
- labile and slow soil C and N fractionse2
- Outcome
- yield and the partial factor productivity of Ne2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“The structural equation modeling analysis showed that yield and the partial factor productivity of N were positively correlated with labile and slow soil C and N fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw incorporation significantly increased maize grain yield by 14.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Consequently, straw incorporation significantly increased grain yields of maize by 14.7% and rice by 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw incorporation significantly increased rice grain yield by 15.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- straw incorporatione1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Value
- 15.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Consequently, straw incorporation significantly increased grain yields of maize by 14.7% and rice by 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return was estimated to reduce fertilizer-N application by 25.7% in the third year.
- Taxon
- maize–riceOryza sativaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- straw returne2
- Outcome
- annual potential reduction proportion in fertilizer-Ne2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 25.7%e2
- Qualifier
- in the third yeare2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize–rice rotation system”
e2“The annual potential reduction proportion in fertilizer-N induced by straw return was estimated to be 25.7% in the third year”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend straw incorporation to enhance soil nutrients and reduce N fertilizer application in subtropical maize–rice rotation.
Verbatim
e1“This study suggests that the incorporation of straws is an effective way to enhance soil nutrients and regulate soil C and N pools to improve crop production and has the potential to reduce N fertilizer application under maize–rice rotation in subtropical regions”
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