Abstract
Insect-proof net cultivation (IPN), rice-duck farming (RD) and organic matter return (OM) are important methods to realize sustainable development of rice production. A split-plot field experiment was performed to study the effects of IPN, RD and OM on the rice yield, dry matter accumulation and N utilization. Results showed that compared to inorganic N fertilizer (IN), wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR) increased the rice yield by 2.11–4.28% and 4.78–7.67%, respectively, and also improved dry matter and N accumulation after the elongation stage (EG), dry matter and N translocation, and N recovery efficiency (NRE). These results attributed to an increase in leaf SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) after the EG. Compared to conventional rice farming (CR), RD promoted the rice yield by 1.52–3.74%, and contributed to higher the leaf photosynthesis, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE. IPN decreased the intensity of sun radiation in the nets due to the coverage of the insect-proof nets, which declined the leaf Pn, dry matter accumulation and translocation, N absorption and translocation, and NRE compared to open field cultivation (OFC). The rice yield of IPN were 2.48–4.98% lower than that of OFC. Compared to the interaction between CR and IN, the interaction between RD and OM improved the rice yield by 5.26–9.33%, and increased dry matter and N accumulation after the EG, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE. These results indicated that OM, RD and the interaction between RD and OM could promote dry matter accumulation and N utilization, which was beneficial to improve the rice yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw return increased rice yield by 2.11-4.28% compared with inorganic N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- wheat straw return (WS)e1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.11–4.28%e1
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer (IN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“compared to inorganic N fertilizer (IN), wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR) increased the rice yield by 2.11–4.28% and 4.78–7.67%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas residue return increased rice yield by 4.78-7.67% compared with inorganic N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biogas residue return (BR)e1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.78–7.67%e1
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer (IN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“compared to inorganic N fertilizer (IN), wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR) increased the rice yield by 2.11–4.28% and 4.78–7.67%”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw return and biogas residue return improved dry matter and N accumulation after the elongation stage compared with inorganic N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR)e1
- Outcome
- dry matter and N accumulation after the elongation stage (EG)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer (IN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“compared to inorganic N fertilizer (IN), wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR) increased the rice yield by 2.11–4.28% and 4.78–7.67%, respectively, and also improved dry matter and N accumulation after the elongation stage (EG), dry matter and N translocation, and N recovery efficiency (NRE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw return and biogas residue return improved dry matter and N translocation and N recovery efficiency compared with inorganic N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR)e1
- Outcome
- dry matter and N translocation, and N recovery efficiency (NRE)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer (IN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“compared to inorganic N fertilizer (IN), wheat straw return (WS) and biogas residue return (BR) increased the rice yield by 2.11–4.28% and 4.78–7.67%, respectively, and also improved dry matter and N accumulation after the elongation stage (EG), dry matter and N translocation, and N recovery efficiency (NRE)”
Claim · model-written summary
The improvements from organic matter return are attributed to an increase in leaf SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate after the elongation stage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- after the EGe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“These results attributed to an increase in leaf SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) after the EG”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-duck farming promoted rice yield by 1.52-3.74% compared with conventional rice farming.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RDe1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Value
- 1.52–3.74%e1
- Comparator
- conventional rice farming (CR)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“Compared to conventional rice farming (CR), RD promoted the rice yield by 1.52–3.74%, and contributed to higher the leaf photosynthesis, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-duck farming contributed to higher leaf photosynthesis, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter and N translocation, and N recovery efficiency compared with conventional rice farming.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RDe1
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesis, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter and N translocation, and NREe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- conventional rice farming (CR)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“Compared to conventional rice farming (CR), RD promoted the rice yield by 1.52–3.74%, and contributed to higher the leaf photosynthesis, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect-proof net cultivation decreased the intensity of sun radiation in the nets because of the net coverage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IPNe1
- Outcome
- intensity of sun radiation in the netse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“IPN decreased the intensity of sun radiation in the nets due to the coverage of the insect-proof nets”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect-proof net cultivation declined leaf Pn, dry matter accumulation and translocation, N absorption and translocation, and NRE compared with open field cultivation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IPNe1
- Outcome
- leaf Pn, dry matter accumulation and translocation, N absorption and translocation, and NREe2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Comparator
- open field cultivation (OFC)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“IPN decreased the intensity of sun radiation”
e2“which declined the leaf Pn, dry matter accumulation and translocation, N absorption and translocation, and NRE compared to open field cultivation (OFC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice yield under insect-proof net cultivation was 2.48-4.98% lower than under open field cultivation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IPNe1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 2.48–4.98%e1
- Comparator
- OFCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“The rice yield of IPN were 2.48–4.98% lower than that of OFC”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between rice-duck farming and organic matter return improved rice yield by 5.26-9.33% compared with the interaction between conventional rice farming and inorganic N.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the interaction between RD and OMe1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 5.26–9.33%e1
- Comparator
- the interaction between CR and INe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“Compared to the interaction between CR and IN, the interaction between RD and OM improved the rice yield by 5.26–9.33%, and increased dry matter and N accumulation after the EG, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between rice-duck farming and organic matter return increased dry matter and N accumulation after the EG, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE compared with the CR and IN interaction.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the interaction between RD and OMe1
- Outcome
- dry matter and N accumulation after the EG, dry matter and N translocation, and NREe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- the interaction between CR and INe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice Dry Matter Accumulation”
e1“Compared to the interaction between CR and IN, the interaction between RD and OM improved the rice yield by 5.26–9.33%, and increased dry matter and N accumulation after the EG, dry matter and N translocation, and NRE”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.