Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the major factors limiting agricultural production. Utilizing beneficial microorganisms like Piriformospora indica ( P. indica ) to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses is a highly effective method, but the influence of P. indica on the growth of soybean in natural saline-alkaline soil remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of non-inoculation, P. indica inoculation, and fertilization on the growth, antioxidant defense, osmotic adjustment, and photosynthetic gas exchange parameters of soybean under two different levels of saline-alkaline stress in non-sterilized natural saline-alkaline soil. The study found that: 1) P. indica inoculation significantly promoted soybean growth, increasing plant height, root length, and biomass. Under mildly saline-alkaline stress, the increases were 11.5%, 16.0%, and 14.8%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment. Under higher stress, P. indica inoculation achieved the same level of biomass increase as fertilization, while fertilization only significantly improved stem diameter. 2) Under saline-alkaline stress, P. indica inoculation significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Under mildly stress, MDA content was reduced by 47.1% and 43.3% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively. Under moderate stress, the MDA content in the inoculated group was reduced by 29.9% and 36.6% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively. Fertilization only had a positive effect on peroxidase (POD) activity. 3) P. indica inoculation induced plants to produce more osmotic adjustment substances. Under mildly stress, proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were increased by 345.7%, 104.4%, and 6.9%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment. Under higher stress, the increases were 75.4%, 179.7%, and 12.6%, respectively. Fertilization had no significant positive effect on proline content. 4) With increasing stress, soybean photosynthetic capacity in the P. indica -inoculated treatment was significantly higher than in the non-inoculated treatment, with net photosynthetic rate increased by 14.8% and 37.0% under different stress levels. These results indicate that P. indica can enhance soybean’s adaptive ability to saline-alkaline stress by regulating ROS scavenging capacity, osmotic adjustment substance content, and photosynthetic capacity, thereby promoting plant growth. This suggests that P. indica has great potential in improving soybean productivity in natural saline-alkaline soils.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased soybean plant height by 11.5% under mild stress relative to non-inoculation.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 11.5%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation significantly promoted soybean growth, increasing plant height, root length, and biomass. Under mildly saline-alkaline stress, the increases were 11.5%, 16.0%, and 14.8%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased root length by 16.0% under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 16.0%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation significantly promoted soybean growth, increasing plant height, root length, and biomass. Under mildly saline-alkaline stress, the increases were 11.5%, 16.0%, and 14.8%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased biomass by 14.8% under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. indica inoculation significantly promoted soybean growth, increasing plant height, root length, and biomass. Under mildly saline-alkaline stress, the increases were 11.5%, 16.0%, and 14.8%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
Under higher stress, P. indica inoculation achieved the same biomass increase as fertilization.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass increasee0
- Direction
- same levele0
- Qualifier
- Under higher stresse0
- Comparator
- fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under higher stress, P. indica inoculation achieved the same level of biomass increase as fertilization”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization significantly improved stem diameter under higher stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Under higher stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under higher stress, P. indica inoculation achieved the same level of biomass increase as fertilization, while fertilization only significantly improved stem diameter”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased antioxidant enzyme activities under saline-alkaline stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline-alkaline stress, P. indica inoculation significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation reduced MDA content by 47.1% versus non-inoculation under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 47.1%e0
- Qualifier
- Under mildly stresse0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mildly stress, MDA content was reduced by 47.1% and 43.3% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation reduced MDA content by 43.3% versus fertilization under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43.3%e0
- Qualifier
- Under mildly stresse0
- Comparator
- fertilized treatmentse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mildly stress, MDA content was reduced by 47.1% and 43.3% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation reduced MDA content by 29.9% versus non-inoculation under moderate stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inoculated groupe0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29.9%e0
- Qualifier
- Under moderate stresse0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under moderate stress, the MDA content in the inoculated group was reduced by 29.9% and 36.6% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation reduced MDA content by 36.6% versus fertilization under moderate stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inoculated groupe0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
- Qualifier
- Under moderate stresse0
- Comparator
- fertilized treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under moderate stress, the MDA content in the inoculated group was reduced by 29.9% and 36.6% compared to non-inoculated and fertilized treatments, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization improved peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization only had a positive effect on peroxidase (POD) activity”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased proline by 345.7% under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 345.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mildly stress, proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were increased by 345.7%, 104.4%, and 6.9%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased soluble sugars by 104.4% under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 104.4%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mildly stress, proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were increased by 345.7%, 104.4%, and 6.9%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased soluble proteins by 6.9% under mild stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.9%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mildly stress, proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were increased by 345.7%, 104.4%, and 6.9%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated treatment”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased proline by 75.4% under higher stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 75.4%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under higher stress, the increases were 75.4%, 179.7%, and 12.6%, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased soluble sugars by 179.7% under higher stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 179.7%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under higher stress, the increases were 75.4%, 179.7%, and 12.6%, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased soluble proteins by 12.6% under higher stress.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 12.6%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under higher stress, the increases were 75.4%, 179.7%, and 12.6%, respectively”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization had no significant positive effect on proline content.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- no significant positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization had no significant positive effect on proline content”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased net photosynthetic rate by 14.8% at the lower stress level.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica -inoculated treatmente0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.8%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean photosynthetic capacity in the P. indica -inoculated treatment was significantly higher than in the non-inoculated treatment, with net photosynthetic rate increased by 14.8% and 37.0% under different stress levels”
t0“Glycine max”
Claim · model-written summary
P. indica inoculation increased net photosynthetic rate by 37.0% at the higher stress level.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. indica -inoculated treatmente0
- Interactor
- P. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.0%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean photosynthetic capacity in the P. indica -inoculated treatment was significantly higher than in the non-inoculated treatment, with net photosynthetic rate increased by 14.8% and 37.0% under different stress levels”
t0“Glycine max”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.