Abstract
Abstract Biochars produced from different feedstocks and at different pyrolysis temperatures may have various chemical and physical properties, affecting their potential use as alternative microbial carrier materials. In this study, biochars were produced from pine wood and oak feedstocks at various temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C and 800°C), characterized, and assessed for their potential as carriers for Bradyrhizobium japonicum (CB1809) strain. The biochars were then stored at two different storage temperatures (28°C and 38°C) for up to 90 days. Furthermore, the study also explored the role of potentially ideal carriers as inoculants in the growth of Glycine max L. (soybean) under different moisture levels i.e., 55% water holding capacity (WHC) (D0), 30% WHC (D1) and, 15% WHC (D2) using a mixture of 50% garden soil and 50% sand. The results were compared to a control group (without inoculants) and a peat inoculant. Among all the materials derived from pine wood and oak, pine wood biochar pyrolyzed at 400℃ (P-BC400) exhibited the highest CFU count, with values of 10.34 and 9.74 Log 10 CFU g − 1 after 90 days of storage at 28℃ and 38℃, respectively. This was notably higher compared to other biochars and peat carriers. Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity. Overall, this experiment concluded that biochar pyrolyzed at lower temperatures, especially P-BC400, was the most suitable candidate for rhizobial inoculum and promoted soybean growth.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
P-BC400 had the highest rhizobial CFU count after 90 days at 28℃.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- pine wood biochar pyrolyzed at 400℃ (P-BC400)e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum (CB1809) strain
Bradyrhizobium japonicume2symbiont - Outcome
- CFU counte0
- Value
- 10.34e0
- Comparator
- other biochars and peat carrierse0
- Setting
- 28℃e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among all the materials derived from pine wood and oak, pine wood biochar pyrolyzed at 400℃ (P-BC400) exhibited the highest CFU count, with values of 10.34 and 9.74 Log 10 CFU g − 1 after 90 days of storage at 28℃ and 38℃, respectively. This was notably higher compared to other biochars and peat carriers.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
e2“Bradyrhizobium japonicum (CB1809) strain”
Claim · model-written summary
P-BC400 had the highest rhizobial CFU count after 90 days at 38℃.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- pine wood biochar pyrolyzed at 400℃ (P-BC400)e0
- Outcome
- CFU counte0
- Value
- 9.74 Log 10 CFU g − 1e0
- Comparator
- other biochars and peat carrierse0
- Setting
- 38℃e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among all the materials derived from pine wood and oak, pine wood biochar pyrolyzed at 400℃ (P-BC400) exhibited the highest CFU count, with values of 10.34 and 9.74 Log 10 CFU g − 1 after 90 days of storage at 28℃ and 38℃, respectively. This was notably higher compared to other biochars and peat carriers.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased soybean shoot dry biomass by 174% versus control.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 174%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased soybean root dry biomass by 367% versus control.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 367%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased soybean shoot length by 89%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 89%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased soybean root length by 85%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased soybean leaf number by 71%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 71%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased membrane stability index by 27%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased relative water content by 26%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, P-BC400 inoculant increased total chlorophyll by 140%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P-BC400 carrier inoculante0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 140%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in plant properties: shoot and root dry biomass (174% and 367%), shoot and root length (89% and 85%), number of leaves (71%), membrane stability index (27%), relative water content (26%), and total chlorophyll (140%) were observed in plants treated with P-BC400 carrier inoculant compared to the control at D2; however, lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2, as evident through PCA analysis, showing more nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthetic activity.”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, carbon isotope enrichment was lower by 37%.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Outcome
- enrichment of δ 13 Ce0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
At D2, nitrogen isotope enrichment was lower by 108%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower enrichment of δ 13 C (37%) and δ 15 N (108%) with highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nodule number was highest at D2, 8.3 ± 1.26.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Outcome
- number of root nodulese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.3 ± 1.26e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogenase activity was highest at D2, 0.869 ± 0.04.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. (soybean)Glycine maxe1
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.869 ± 0.04e0
- Qualifier
- D2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest number of root nodules (8.3 ± 1.26) and nitrogenase activity (0.869 ± 0.04) were observed under D2”
e1“Glycine max L. (soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude low-temperature biochar, especially P-BC400, was suitable as rhizobial inoculum and promoted soybean growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P-BC400e0
- Outcome
- most suitable candidate for rhizobial inoculum and promoted soybean growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, this experiment concluded that biochar pyrolyzed at lower temperatures, especially P-BC400, was the most suitable candidate for rhizobial inoculum and promoted soybean growth.”
The same questions in other papers
food additive carrier · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
food additive carrier · physiology: pigments · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
biochar · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
55 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
56 papers more in this group
See all 60 papers →inoculation · physiology: water · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →inoculation · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →inoculation · physiology: pigments · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
40 papers more in this group
See all 44 papers →inoculation · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
322 papers in the same direction as this paper · 33 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
354 papers more in this group
See all 358 papers →biochar · physiology: oxidative · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.